Developed the ROLE MODELING and MODELING theory

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Helen Erickson, Evelyn Tomlin, and Mary Ann Swain's Modeling and Role-Modeling Theory, from the 1980s, sees nurses modeling health behaviors e.g., demonstrating stress management while role-modeling adapts care to patient needs. Neuman's stressors, Newman's health expansion, and Benner's expertise differ. This theory fosters patient growth through tailored nursing, influencing holistic and adaptive care approaches.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Upper and Lower GI series target the digestive system, fitting the body system framework e.g., assessing stomach function. Functional (ADLs), head-to-toe (full exam), and cephalocaudal (top-down) are broader or differently structured. This organ-specific approach aids nurses in pinpointing GI issues for targeted care.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Normal respiration has an inspiration-to-expiration ratio of 1:2 e.g., 1-second inhale, 2-second exhale reflecting passive expiration's longer phase. Other ratios (2:1, 4:3, 1:1) don't match physiology. Nurses observe this e.g., counting breaths for baseline assessment, per respiratory mechanics.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Supine position flat, arms up e.g., spreads breast tissue for palpation, unlike dorsal recumbent (knees bent), sitting (gravity), or lithotomy (pelvic). Nurses use this e.g., in cancer screening for thorough, systematic checks, per breast exam standards.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Joyce Travelbee's Interpersonal Theory (1960s) sees nursing as a human-to-human bond during illness e.g., finding meaning in cancer. Swanson's caring, Zderad's humanism, and Peplau's therapeutic focus differ Travelbee's distinct from Parse's becoming. Her emphasis on coping and connection guides emotional support, especially in terminal care, enriching nursing's relational depth.