Concerning arterial blood pressure regulation:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Prostaglandins, dopamine, and bradykinin dilate vessels (A), ADH, angiotensin II, and epinephrine constrict (B), and the balance with cardiac factors regulates BP (C). All are true—vasodilators lower resistance, vasoconstrictors raise it, and these with heart output set BP—making E (all are correct), reassigned as D, correct.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: High ADH increases collecting duct permeability to water (C) via aquaporin-2, concentrating urine. They remain impermeable to water without ADH (A), proteins (B) are not filtered, and sodium/chloride (D) are regulated elsewhere, making C the effect of ADH.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Interlobar veins collect blood from arcuate veins and drain into the renal vein (A), a true venous pathway in kidney anatomy. False (B) would deny this standard flow, making A the correct statement.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The kidney's coverings are the renal capsule (A), adipose capsule (B), and renal fascia (C). Renal adventitia (D) is not a standard term for kidney layers, making D the incorrect option.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Uric acid stones form from high purine intake, found in organ meats and sardines (C), so avoiding these prevents recurrence. Dairy (A) affects calcium stones, legumes (B) are less relevant, and spinach (D) relates to oxalate stones, making C specific.