Collection of data by interview, observation and examination is under what step of the nursing process?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Assessment, the first nursing process step, gathers data via interview (history), observation (vitals), and examination (physical) e.g., noting a patient's dyspnea. Planning sets goals, implementation acts, and evaluation reviews outcomes. This systematic data collection, per Gordon's framework, drives accurate care planning in practice.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The stethoscope bell auscultates low-frequency Korotkoff sounds e.g., tapping in BP unlike the diaphragm (high-frequency). Pulse +4 (bounding), +1 (weak), and sound pitch (low) differ. Nurses use this e.g., bell placement for clear readings, per auscultation technique.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Myra Levine's Conservation Model (1960s) outlines four principles energy, structural integrity, personal integrity, social integrity to maintain wholeness. For example, conserving energy via rest aids a fatigued patient's recovery. Leininger's cultural care, Orlando's patient needs, and Parse's existential focus differ. Levine's framework guides nurses to preserve patient unity e.g., protecting skin integrity impacting holistic strategies in acute and chronic care settings.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The Dark Period (16th-18th centuries) began with Luther's 1517 Reformation e.g., closing church hospitals challenging Catholicism. Unlike Apprentice (religious care), Contemporary (modern), or Educative (training), this era saw nursing decline as secular forces took over, a low point before its professional resurgence.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: A patient's chart is secondary compiled by others (e.g., past notes), not directly from the patient (primary). Tertiary (textbooks) or mixed don't fit. Charts offer history e.g., prior vitals crucial for continuity, per nursing documentation standards.