Chronic bronchitis is characterised by (old paper 2004)

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Mucus gland hypertrophy (C) characterizes chronic bronchitis, increasing mucosal gland depth'. Choice A (smooth muscle hypertrophy) is asthma-specific. Choice B is true but vague; lymphocyte infiltration occurs, not 'leukocyte.' Choice D is correct; goblet cells enlarge. Choice E (persistent cough 3 months, 2 years) defines it clinically but isn't listed. Page 722 highlights C's morphological hallmark Reid index rises with gland hyperplasia from smoke irritation, driving mucus hypersecretion, distinguishing it over A's asthma feature or B's imprecision.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Asteroid bodies within giant cells (C) are a sarcoid feature. Choice A is false; granulomas affect multiple tissues (e.g., lymph nodes). Choice B is incorrect; necrosis is rare (unlike TB). Choice D is wrong; Schaumann bodies occur in TB too, not pathognomonic. Choice E (lymph node involvement) is true. Page 738 details C's morphology stellate inclusions in granulomas are characteristic, though not unique, distinguishing it over A's lung-only claim or D's specificity error.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Type b H influenzae causes the most serious invasive disease (B), e.g., meningitis. Choice A is false; unencapsulated forms (95%) dominate oropharynx. Choice C is incorrect; pneumonia is lobular/patchy, not lobar. Choice D is wrong; it's ubiquitous, not 30%. Choice E (COPD exacerbation) is true. Page 748 details B's virulence encapsulated type b's polysaccharide drives severe infections, unlike A's prevalence or C's pattern error.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Aspiration-induced lung abscesses are more common on the right (B), due to straighter bronchus anatomy. Choice A is false; aspiration, not bronchiectasis, is most frequent. Choice C is incorrect; multiple abscesses often develop. Choice D is wrong; some drain via airways, lacking debris. Choice E (10-15% carcinoma) is true. Page 753 confirms B's laterality aspiration in upright/sitting positions favors right-sided seeding, distinguishing it over A's etiology or C's singularity.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: During inhalation, air follows a specific path through the respiratory tract. It enters via the nasal cavity or mouth, then reaches the pharynx, a shared passage for air and food. Next, it passes the larynx, the voice box, which directs air downward. The trachea, or windpipe, follows, channeling air into the bronchi, which branch into the lungs. The correct sequence pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi reflects this anatomical flow. Other options misplace structures: trachea before larynx reverses the order, and larynx leading directly to bronchi skips essential segments. This pathway ensures air is filtered, warmed, and humidified before reaching the lungs, critical for efficient gas exchange and respiratory protection, a foundational concept in pulmonary anatomy.