Choose the method which can provide information as to the diagnosis of lung cancer:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Bronchoscopy (A) diagnoses lung cancer visualizes tumors, biopsies masses (e.g., 90% yield central lesions), and samples cytology. Scalene biopsy (B) assesses spread, not primary. Cytology smear (C) aids but needs source (e.g., sputum). Angiography (D) maps vessels, not cancer. Ultrasound is adjunctive, not diagnostic here. Bronchoscopy's direct access is gold standard, key in nursing for procedure prep and post-care.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Asparaginase, an enzyme, causes protein synthesis defects, hepatitis, pancreatitis (B) depletes asparagine, stressing liver, pancreas (e.g., amylase >200 U/L). Myelosuppression (A) is methotrexate. Neuropathy (C) is vincristine. Cystitis (D) is cytoxan. Psychosis is prednisone. Asparaginase's metabolic impact is key in nursing for monitoring coagulation and pancreatic function.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Sickle cell trait all true : ~10% prevalence in Blacks (A HbAS), hematuria (B renal papillary necrosis), rare crises in hypoxia (C e.g., high altitude), hyposthenuria (D impaired concentrating ability). Trait's mildness contrasts anemia, key in nursing for hydration advice and crisis risk education.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Hypersplenism is splenomegaly plus pancytopenia, hyperplastic marrow (B) spleen sequesters RBCs, WBCs, platelets (e.g., <100,000/μL), while marrow compensates (e.g., erythroid hyperplasia). Hypoplastic (A) or fibrotic (C) marrow contradicts. Regardless (D) ignores marrow state. None' dismisses. Hyperplasia distinguishes, key in nursing for spleen size and CBC monitoring.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) chronic hemolysis (A), brown morning urine (B hemoglobinuria), complement lysis (C CD55/59 defect), Ham's test (E acid lysis) but serum iron is low (D), not elevated, from chronic loss (e.g., <50 μg/dL). Iron deficiency is key, guiding nursing for iron therapy and PNH monitoring.