Caring means that person, events, projects and things matter to people. It reveals stress and coping options. Caring creates responsibility. It is an inherent feature of nursing practice. It helps the nurse assist clients to recover in the face of the illness.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Patricia Benner's model, rooted in her 1980s work ‘From Novice to Expert,' frames caring as a relational act where people and events matter, fostering connection. She sees it as inherent to nursing, revealing stress and coping strategies while driving responsibility to aid recovery. Unlike Watson's spiritual lens, Leininger's cultural emphasis, or Swanson's processes, Benner ties caring to skill development e.g., an expert nurse intuitively comforts a distressed patient, re-establishing trust. Her ‘Care Bear' mnemonic links caring to connection, influencing how nurses progress from rule-based to intuitive practice, a concept widely applied in clinical education and mentorship.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Maslow's self-actualized person (1940s) is autonomous, creative, and problem-focused e.g., pursuing personal goals over crowd opinion. They value privacy and insight (poetry, science), not majority rule, though they uphold justice personally. This autonomy guides nurses in supporting patients' unique aspirations, fostering self-directed recovery.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Hyperpyrexia is a temperature above 40°C (104°F) e.g., in severe infections beyond normal fever (38-39°C). Lower thresholds (39°C, 100°F) or extreme (105.8°F) don't define it. Nurses recognize this critical level, triggering urgent cooling measures to prevent organ damage, per emergency protocols.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The medulla oblongata is the primary respiratory center e.g., initiating each breath via its neurons. Pons modulates, carotid/aortic bodies sense O2/CO2. Damage here stops breathing nurses monitor this e.g., in stroke for life-sustaining function, per neurological control.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: 24-hour urine collection e.g., total daily output assesses glucose and albumin accurately, unlike midstream (spot), postprandial (post-meal), or second void (random). Nurses use this e.g., in diabetes for cumulative protein/sugar levels, per diagnostic protocols.