Caring is the essence and central unifying, a dominant domain that distinguishes nursing from other health disciplines. Care is an essential human need.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Madeleine Leininger's theory positions caring as nursing's essence, a unifying force distinguishing it from medicine or other fields. Developed in the 1970s, her Culture Care Theory asserts that care is a universal human need, but its expression varies culturally. She describes it as central (core to nursing), unifying (binding the profession), and dominant (setting it apart), unlike Benner's skill focus, Watson's spiritual caring, or Swanson's process-oriented approach. For example, a nurse adjusting pain management for a patient's cultural beliefs reflects Leininger's view. Her mnemonic ‘CUD I LIE IN GER' (Central, Unifying, Dominant) aids recall, emphasizing caring's primacy. This perspective shaped transcultural nursing, urging practitioners to integrate cultural competence into care, a critical distinction in today's diverse healthcare landscape.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Martha Rogers (1970s) theorized humans as unitary beings with subsystems (cells, organs) and suprasystems (family, society) e.g., a patient's recovery ties to both physiology and social support. Unlike Roy's adaptation, Henderson's needs, or Johnson's behavior, her model emphasizes interconnectedness, guiding nurses in holistic assessments across all levels.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Rectal thermometers have pear-shaped or round bulbs for safety e.g., preventing injury in infants. Oral temps are less accurate than rectal (gold standard), older age lowers BMR (metabolism slows), and swimming increases BMR (activity boosts it). This design ensures accurate, safe measurement, per nursing protocols.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The pons houses pneumotaxic (rate control) and apneustic (prolonged inspiration) centers e.g., regulating breathing rhythm. Medulla sets the pattern, carotid/aortic bodies sense chemo changes. Nurses understand this e.g., in apnea cases for neurological respiratory assessment, per brain anatomy.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Early morning urine first void e.g., concentrated overnight is best for urinalysis/C&S, detecting abnormalities (glucose, bacteria). Later times dilute; midnight, pre-breakfast vary. Nurses collect this e.g., 6 AM for diagnostic accuracy, per lab protocols.