Caring is healing, it is communicated through the consciousness of the nurse to the individual being cared for. It allows access to higher human spirit.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Jean Watson's Human Caring Theory, developed in the 1970s, defines caring as a healing force transmitted through the nurse's consciousness, connecting to the patient's spirit. She sees nursing as transcending physical acts, fostering openness to a higher human essence. Unlike Benner's skill progression, Leininger's cultural focus, or Swanson's process model, Watson's approach is deeply philosophical, emphasizing transpersonal caring moments like a nurse's empathy soothing a dying patient's fear. Her 10 Carative Factors (e.g., instilling hope) guide this spiritual exchange, influencing holistic nursing practices globally, particularly in palliative care, where emotional and existential support is paramount.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Maslow's theory (1940s) allows need priorities to shift e.g., delaying hunger for safety in crisis. Needs interrelate (safety affects esteem), aren't rigid, and can be deferred. Nurses adapt care e.g., addressing fear before nutrition in trauma reflecting this alterability, key to responsive patient management.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Body temperature peaks late day (8 PM-midnight) due to circadian rhythms e.g., higher metabolism. Lowest is early morning (not noon), thyroxin raises temp (not lowers), and elderly risk hypothermia (not hyperthermia) from poor regulation. Nurses monitor this pattern for fever assessment, per physiological norms.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The medulla oblongata's respiratory center sets breathing rhythm and depth e.g., 12-20 breaths/min via dorsal and ventral groups. Pons refines, carotid/aortic bodies adjust via chemo input. Nurses assess this e.g., in COPD for foundational respiratory function, per neurophysiology.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Including 9:00 AM Friday urine e.g., pre-start skew 24-hour totals (9 AM Friday to 9 AM Saturday); it's discarded. Discarding start, including end, and preserving are correct. Nurses need debriefing here e.g., timing for accurate collection, per lab standards.