Caring involves 5 processes, KNOWING, BEING WITH, DOING FOR, ENABLING and MAINTAINING BELIEF.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Kristen Swanson's Theory of Caring, from the 1990s, outlines five processes: knowing (understanding the patient's experience), being with (offering presence), doing for (performing tasks patients can't), enabling (empowering self-care), and maintaining belief (instilling hope). Unlike Benner's expertise model, Watson's spiritual focus, or Leininger's cultural lens, Swanson's framework is practical and patient-centered. For instance, a nurse might ‘know' a cancer patient's fears, ‘be with' them during chemo, ‘do for' by administering meds, ‘enable' through education, and ‘maintain belief' by affirming recovery potential. Grounded in empirical research, her theory guides nurses in holistic care, particularly in maternal or end-of-life settings, emphasizing relational depth over technical skill alone.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Maslow's hierarchy (1940s) outlines needs physiological to self-actualization but they aren't rigidly sequential e.g., skipping food for a concert. Common needs (air, water), internal stimuli (hunger), and external triggers (stress) hold true. Nursing recognizes this flexibility, prioritizing patient-specific needs over strict order, enhancing individualized care planning.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Convection dissipates heat via air movement e.g., a fan cooling a feverish patient. Conduction (direct contact), radiation (infrared), and evaporation (sweat) differ. Nurses use this principle e.g., adjusting room airflow to manage hyperthermia, aligning with thermoregulation basics in patient care.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Failed to generate a rationale of 500+ characters after 5 retries.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Failed to generate a rationale of 500+ characters after 5 retries.