Calcium's roles in the body include

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A. bone health B. muscle contraction C. blood clotting D. all of the above

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Calcium is essential for bone structure, muscle function, clotting, and cardiac action potentials.

Loss of a large volume of sweat will

A. decrease the hematocrit B. decrease ADH production C. increase the blood pressure D. increase the osmolality of body fluids

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Sweat loss reduces plasma volume, increasing osmolality.

Which of the following is not a buffer system of the body?

A. bicarbonate buffer system B. phosphate buffer system C. protein buffer system D. NaCl buffer system

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: NaCl does not buffer pH; it's an electrolyte, not a buffer.

Which of the following can play a role in buffering the pH of urine?

A. ammonia B. bicarbonate ions C. phosphate ions D. all of the above

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: All three (ammonia, bicarbonate, phosphate) buffer urine pH by binding H⁺.

Respiratory alkalosis can occur as a result of

A. asphyxia B. asthma C. severe emphysema D. hyperventilation

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Hyperventilation lowers CO₂ raising pH and causing respiratory alkalosis.

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