Bronchiectasis

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Bronchiectasis can arise as a complication of rheumatoid arthritis (B), via chronic inflammation. Choice A is false; it stems from infection/obstruction, not bronchoconstriction (asthma-related). Choice C is incorrect; dilation is irreversible (pneumonia's is temporary). Choice D is wrong; it's uncommon now due to antibiotics. Choice E (mucus hypersecretion) fits bronchitis. Page 727 links B to systemic diseases RA's immune damage weakens airways, predisposing to infection/dilation, unlike A's mechanism or C's reversibility.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Type b H influenzae causes the most serious invasive disease (B), e.g., meningitis. Choice A is false; unencapsulated forms (95%) dominate oropharynx. Choice C is incorrect; pneumonia is lobular/patchy, not lobar. Choice D is wrong; it's ubiquitous, not 30%. Choice E (COPD exacerbation) is true. Page 748 details B's virulence encapsulated type b's polysaccharide drives severe infections, unlike A's prevalence or C's pattern error.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Aspiration-induced lung abscesses are more common on the right (B), due to straighter bronchus anatomy. Choice A is false; aspiration, not bronchiectasis, is most frequent. Choice C is incorrect; multiple abscesses often develop. Choice D is wrong; some drain via airways, lacking debris. Choice E (10-15% carcinoma) is true. Page 753 confirms B's laterality aspiration in upright/sitting positions favors right-sided seeding, distinguishing it over A's etiology or C's singularity.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: During inhalation, air follows a specific path through the respiratory tract. It enters via the nasal cavity or mouth, then reaches the pharynx, a shared passage for air and food. Next, it passes the larynx, the voice box, which directs air downward. The trachea, or windpipe, follows, channeling air into the bronchi, which branch into the lungs. The correct sequence pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi reflects this anatomical flow. Other options misplace structures: trachea before larynx reverses the order, and larynx leading directly to bronchi skips essential segments. This pathway ensures air is filtered, warmed, and humidified before reaching the lungs, critical for efficient gas exchange and respiratory protection, a foundational concept in pulmonary anatomy.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Coronaviruses cause Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and some common colds, targeting respiratory tissues with symptoms from mild to severe. German measles (rubella), however, is caused by rubella virus, a togavirus, not a coronavirus it presents with rash and fever, not primarily respiratory distress, and affects fetuses via congenital transmission. This distinction is critical: coronaviruses like SARS-CoV-2 involve droplet spread and lung involvement, while rubella's vaccine (MMR) targets a different pathogen. Recognizing rubella's unrelated etiology avoids misclassification, essential for diagnosis and public health strategies in respiratory versus systemic viral diseases.