At the end of quiet respiration, muscles are relaxed and lungs content represents.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Post-quiet expiration, lungs are at FRC (~2.5 L) . Muscles relax, balancing lung inward and chest outward recoil (Q2). RV (A) is post-forced (~1.2 L). ERV (B) is reserve (~1.3 L). IRV (D) is inspiratory reserve (~3 L). FRC RV + ERV is resting volume, with intrapleural pressure -5 cm H2O, unlike A's minimal or D's inspiratory state, per physiology (Q17).

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Acute diaphragmatic pleurisy, inflammation of the pleural lining over the diaphragm's central portion, typically causes referred pain to the neck and shoulder (A) via the phrenic nerve (C3-C5), which innervates the diaphragm and shares dermatomes with the supraclavicular region. Lateral chest pain (B) aligns with parietal pleura irritation, not central diaphragmatic. Central chest pain (C) suggests mediastinal or cardiac issues, not diaphragmatic referral. Interscapular pain (D) lacks nerve linkage here, and right lower quadrant pain ties to abdominal pathology, not pleural. This referred pattern, distinct from local chest wall pain, is key in diagnosing diaphragmatic involvement e.g., in pneumonia or subphrenic abscess guiding imaging or intervention, a critical chest pain differentiation in clinical practice.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: A bloody pleural effusion aligns with pulmonary embolus (A) and myocardial infarct (C) thus D (A & C). Embolus causes infarction, leaking RBCs into pleura; post-MI (e.g., Dressler's) involves hemorrhagic inflammation. Acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis (B) causes abdominal effusion, rarely pleural, and not typically bloody unless complicated. All' overextends pancreatitis lacks direct pleural linkage. Bloody effusions (RBC >10,000/mm³) signal vascular or inflammatory breach, distinguishing from transudates, critical in differential diagnosis via thoracentesis, a chest nursing focus.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Umbilication of a solitary pulmonary nodule's border (D) irregular, notched edge suggests malignancy (e.g., adenocarcinoma), reflecting aggressive growth. Dense (A), core (B), laminated (C), or flecked calcification often indicate benignity (e.g., granuloma, hamartoma) calcification patterns stabilize lesions. Malignant nodules lack uniform calcium, growing unevenly, key in CT analysis for biopsy decisions in chest oncology nursing.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Mediastinal emphysema air in mediastinum stems from tracheal perforation (B), e.g., trauma or barotrauma, leaking air (crunching sound, Hamman's sign). Collaterals (A) fit SVCS. Elderly debilitation (C) is nonspecific. Perforation's air escape is key, needing urgent imaging (e.g., CT), guiding intervention in chest emergencies.