Asthma is mediated by what type of antigen?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: IgE (C) mediates asthma . TH2-driven type I hypersensitivity binds mast cells , triggering bronchospasm. IgA (A), IgG (B), and IgM (D) don't. C's role unlike A's mucosal focus is central, per document.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The lateral nasal wall's blood supply (A) includes the sphenopalatine (external carotid) and anterior ethmoidal (internal carotid) arteries, making A true. Innervation (B) via ophthalmic (V1) and maxillary (V2) branches of the trigeminal nerve is correct. Lymphatic drainage (D) to submandibular and retropharyngeal nodes aligns with nasal anatomy. However, venous drainage (C) primarily goes to the facial vein and pterygoid plexus, not mainly to the cavernous sinus via a large emissary vein that's more relevant to the dangerous triangle of the face or specific infections. Small connections exist via ethmoidal veins, but C overstates this route, making it the least accurate.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Precautions prevent viral spread' (A) best explains contact precautions for bronchiolitis (RSV), per document (1). Gloves/gowns block droplet/contact transmission (e.g., 10⁶ virions/mL mucus), protecting others. B's focus on severity is true but less precise. C's protection reverses direction. D's generalization is false. A's clarity 30% hospital spread risk educates, unlike C's inaccuracy, per CDC.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Cardiac reserve is the difference between maximum cardiac output (e.g., during exercise, ~20 L/min) and resting CO (~5 L/min), reflecting the heart's capacity to increase pumping. Stroke volume is per beat. Peripheral resistance is vascular opposition, not output. Afterload is arterial pressure resisted. Reserve, boosted by rate and contractility, gauges heart health, key in fitness and failure where it diminishes, a vital performance indicator.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Anemia of hepatic disease blood loss, folate deficiency, alcohol (D) cause it (e.g., varices, poor diet, toxicity), yielding normocytic/macrocytic anemia. Iron block (A) is chronic. EPO (B) is renal. Normocytic (C) is effect. Multifactorial etiology is key, guiding nursing for liver function and folate.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: lung surface area (≈70-100 m²) is ≈30 times the skin's (≈2 m² in adults). Choice A (3x, ≈6 m²) is too low. Choice B (10x, ≈20 m²) underestimates. Choice D (100x, ≈200 m²) overestimates. Choice E is false. The alveolar expanse, via 300 million units, maximizes gas exchange, making C accurate.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Alveoli (B) have the largest cross-sectional area (~70 m^2), minimizing resistance . Trachea (A) is wide (~2.5 cm) but singular. Bronchi (D) branch, increasing area (~0.1 m^2), yet less than alveoli. Bronchioles (C) narrow (1 mm), but 300 million alveoli dwarf them (Poiseuille's law: R ∝ 1/r^4). Resistance dominates in medium airways (bronchi), not alveoli, where flow slows for exchange. B's vast area unlike A's single tube cuts velocity (1-2 cm/s vs. 100 cm/s in trachea), per physiology's airflow distribution.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Superior vena caval syndrome (SVCS) SVC obstruction shows collateral vessels (A), dilated chest veins (e.g., from lung cancer compression). Tracheal perforation (B) is traumatic, unrelated. Elderly debilitation (C) isn't specific. Collaterals bypass blockage, key in nursing for recognizing malignancy-driven SVCS, prompting radiotherapy.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Mucormycosis, caused by Mucorales (e.g., Rhizopus), bread molds, is a rare, aggressive fungal infection, often in diabetics or immunocompromised, invading blood vessels and lungs from inhaled spores. Coccidioidomycosis (Coccidioides) is dimorphic, not mold-only, tied to soil. Cryptococcosis (Cryptococcus neoformans) involves yeast from bird droppings, not bread molds. Pneumocystis pneumonia (Pneumocystis jirovecii) is a distinct fungus, not mold-related, affecting AIDS patients. Mucormycosis's rapid tissue destruction contrasts with others' slower progression, requiring urgent antifungals and surgery, distinguishing its mold etiology in respiratory and systemic fungal threats.