Aseptic technique is the process by which

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Aseptic technique refers to practices designed to prevent contamination by pathogens, maintaining a sterile environment during procedures like surgery or lab work. 'Contamination with infective agents are prevented,' is correct because it captures the essence of asepsis, as outlined in infection control guidelines (e.g., CDC standards), focusing on keeping sterile fields free of microbes. 'Microorganisms are destroyed,' describes sterilization, not asepsis, which prevents rather than eliminates. 'The growth of microorganism is inhibited,' relates to antisepsis or bacteriostatic methods, not the preventive focus of aseptic technique. 'Microorganisms are cultured,' is the opposite, involving intentional growth. Aseptic technique's proactive prevention of contamination, such as using sterile gloves or tools, distinguishes it from destructive or growth-related processes, making B the accurate answer.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: In everyday language, injection' broadly refers to delivering a drug via a needle, encompassing various routes. 'Parenteral,' is correct because it's the umbrella term for all injections (bypassing the gut), including intramuscular, subcutaneous, and intravenous, as per pharmacology texts (e.g., Katzung). 'Intramuscular,' and 'Intravenous,' are specific routes, not the general term. 'Subcutaneous,' is another specific method. Parenteral's broad usage in healthcare—covering any needle-based administration—makes it the common parlance for injection,' distinguishing C as the accurate answer over narrower options.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Premedication before anesthesia aims to optimize patient condition. 'To attenuate vagal responses,' is correct because drugs like atropine reduce vagal-induced bradycardia or secretions, per anesthesiology standards (e.g., Stoelting's Pharmacology). 'To increase volume of gastric content,' is false; it's minimized to prevent aspiration. 'To stimulate secretions,' is incorrect; drying secretions is preferred. 'To increase fear and anxiety,' opposes premedication's anxiolytic goal (e.g., midazolam). Attenuating vagal responses enhances safety, making B the accurate answer.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: A pilot study tests feasibility before a full research project. 'A small scale study conducted in advance...,' is correct, describing its role in refining methods and logistics, per research methodology (e.g., Polit & Beck). 'A scientific study carried out on pilots,' misinterprets pilot.' 'The first and most important step,' overstates its priority; it's optional. 'A study conducted simultaneously...,' is incorrect; pilots precede, not parallel, main studies. B's focus on pre-testing feasibility matches standard practice, making it the accurate answer.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Nominal variables are categorical without order. 'Ethnicity,' is correct, as it labels groups (e.g., Asian, Caucasian) without ranking, per statistical classification (e.g., Agresti). 'Socio-economic status,' is ordinal, with levels (e.g., low, high). 'Class positions,' is ordinal, implying rank. 'Weight,' is ratio, measurable with a zero. Ethnicity's lack of numerical or hierarchical properties makes A the precise nominal answer.