Appropriate nursing diagnoses for a client admitted with pneumonia secondary to influenza include which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Pneumonia secondary to influenza often leads to ineffective breathing patterns due to lung inflammation, mucus buildup, and impaired gas exchange, making it a primary nursing diagnosis. The client may experience shortness of breath or rapid, shallow breathing as the body struggles to oxygenate properly, a direct result of flu-related respiratory complications. Disturbed sleep pattern is plausible, as coughing and discomfort disrupt rest, supporting recovery challenges. Self-care deficit: bathing could apply if fatigue or weakness prevents personal hygiene, common in severe illness. Chronic pain, however, implies a long-term condition unrelated to acute pneumonia or flu, which typically cause temporary discomfort like myalgia or pleuritic pain. The nurse prioritizes ineffective breathing pattern because it addresses the life-threatening respiratory impact of pneumonia, requiring interventions like oxygen therapy or positioning. This diagnosis aligns with the clinical presentation of flu complications, guiding care to stabilize the client's respiratory status and prevent further deterioration.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Congestive heart failure (CHF) heightens an adult's flu risk if exposed, as it weakens heart and lung function, impairing oxygen delivery and immune response. Fluid in the lungs from CHF also fosters viral growth and complications like pneumonia, making infection more likely and severe. Gallbladder disease doesn't affect immunity or respiratory defense. Post-cholecystectomy (gallbladder removal) recovery doesn't inherently increase flu susceptibility immunity remains intact. Deep vein thrombosis impacts clotting, not infection risk. The nurse identifies CHF as the key condition, per evidence linking cardiopulmonary issues to flu vulnerability, urging preventive steps like vaccination for such clients to mitigate serious respiratory threats.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: ARDS lungs can be divided into infiltrated, consolidated, or collapsed areas (D), reflecting heterogeneous damage'. Choice A is false; abnormalities are not homogeneous some areas are spared, others severely affected. Choice B is incorrect; pneumonia often complicates fatal cases due to impaired clearance. Choice C is wrong; ARDS is typically unresponsive to O₂ therapy due to shunting (mortality ≈60%, not 20%). Choice E (60% mortality) is true but not listed. Page 716 notes ARDS's patchy nature ventilation-perfusion mismatch and fibrosis making D's regional division accurate, unlike A's uniformity or B's infection protection.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Nonatopic asthma has normal serum IgE levels (B), emphasizing bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Choice A is false; it's typically viral-triggered, not bacterial. Choice C is incorrect; skin tests are negative (no atopy). Choice D is wrong; occupational asthma is atopic (allergen-driven). Choice E (intrinsic label) is true but not listed. Page 726 details B's distinction lacking IgE elevation, it contrasts with atopic asthma's allergic basis, relying on mucosal inflammation lowering vagal receptor thresholds, unlike C's test results or D's category.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The most dangerous inhaled particles are 1-5 μm (B), reaching alveoli to cause fibrosis. Choice A is false; cases decline in the West due to regulation. Choice C is incorrect; larger particles (>10 μm) are filtered, causing less injury than 1-5 μm. Choice D is wrong; silica activates macrophages, releasing fibrogenic mediators (e.g., TNF), not inhibits. Choice E (not all exposed develop disease) is true. Page 733 confirms B's size range optimal for deep penetration and inflammation, unlike A's trend or D's mechanism.