All of the following cause compressive atelectasis EXCEPT (2004 old paper)

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Asthma (B) does not cause compressive atelectasis; it leads to resorption atelectasis via mucus plugs obstructing airways, trapping gas that's resorbed, collapsing alveoli. Compressive atelectasis results from external pressure on lung tissue. Pneumothorax (A) compresses lung via air in the pleural cavity. Congestive cardiac failure (C) causes fluid buildup (e.g., pleural effusion or pulmonary edema), compressing alveoli. Pleural effusion (D) collapses lung via fluid pressure. Peritonitis (original E) elevates the diaphragm, compressing lungs. Page 714 notes compression atelectasis shifts mediastinum away from the affected lung, unlike resorption's shift toward it. Asthma's mechanism bronchial obstruction differs from the external compression of A, C, D, relying on mucus rather than pleural or parenchymal pressure, making B the exception.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Bronchiectasis is sometimes caused by influenza infection (B), among pathogens like adenovirus or Staph aureus. Choice A is false; obstruction and infection together drive it, not infection alone. Choice C is incorrect; it's a feature of IBD (e.g., ulcerative colitis). Choice D is wrong; sputum is purulent, not clear. Choice E (CF from obstruction/infection) is true. Page 727 notes B's role post-influenza necrosis dilates airways, a known trigger, distinguishing it over A's sole etiology or D's sputum error.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Skin lesions occur in one-third to one-half of sarcoidosis patients (B), resembling SLE (Page 738-739). Choice A is false; spleen is affected microscopically in 75%, enlarged in 20%. Choice C is incorrect; muscle involvement is common but asymptomatic. Choice D is wrong; isolated hilar lymphadenopathy has a good prognosis. Choice E (65% recover) is true. Page 739 confirms B's frequency cutaneous involvement is significant, unlike A's rarity or C's symptom claim.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: All listed features of Moraxella catarrhalis (A-C) are true, making D (none true) incorrect. Choice A is correct; it causes pneumonia in elderly. Choice B is accurate; it's second to H influenzae in COPD exacerbations. Choice C is true; it's a key otitis media pathogen in kids. Choice E (all true) aligns with text. Page 748 confirms A-C's roles M catarrhalis's gram-negative diplococcus nature targets vulnerable groups, contradicting D's denial with its established pathogenicity across these conditions.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Fungal infections like histoplasmosis resemble tuberculosis (C), with granulomas. Choice A is false; it's not immunocompromised-specific (also immunocompetent). Choice B is incorrect; inflammation is granulomatous, not suppurative. Choice D is wrong; Histoplasma produces yeast, not hyphae (others do). Choice E (common in HIV) is true. Page 754 details C's mimicry Histoplasma's TB-like lesions confuse diagnosis, unlike A's restriction or D's morphology error.