All of the following are lined with by pseudstratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells except:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Terminal bronchioles (B) lack goblet cells, lined by simple cuboidal with club cells, unlike olfactory (A, specialized), epiglottis (C), and false cords (D). B is the exception.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Primary oocytes are surrounded by zona pellucida (A) and enter meiosis I prenatally (B), arresting until puberty. Meiosis I completes at ovulation (not puberty, C), forming a secondary oocyte, which completes meiosis II post-fertilization (D). C is false meiosis I finishes at ovulation, not puberty, making it the exception.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Elastic fibres being more abundant in the bronchi and bronchioles than the upper respiratory tract (choice D) is correct because these structures require elasticity to recoil during expiration, aiding in air movement. Choice A is incorrect as regular (terminal) bronchioles lack glands; glands are found in larger airways like bronchi. Choice B is wrong because the larynx contains cartilage and skeletal muscle, not significant smooth muscle, which is more prominent in the trachea and bronchi. Choice C is false since goblet cells decrease in number in smaller airways like small bronchi and are absent in respiratory bronchioles, which have club cells instead. The abundance of elastic fibres in the lower respiratory tract (bronchi and bronchioles) compared to the upper tract (nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx) supports lung elasticity and function, making D the accurate statement.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Choice C is false. Surfactant, produced by Type II pneumocytes (choice E), reduces surface tension (choice B) and stabilizes alveoli (choice A) by equalizing pressure across sizes, preventing collapse. It also lowers alveolar pressure, reducing fluid transudation into capillaries (choice D). However, per Laplace's law (P = 2T/r), surface tension (T) drives pressure (P) inversely with radius (r). Without surfactant, smaller alveoli would have higher pressure and collapse into larger ones (higher T, lower r). Surfactant lowers T more in smaller alveoli, equalizing pressure, not making larger alveoli's T lower than smaller ones' it balances them. Choice C misstates this; larger alveoli naturally have lower pressure due to larger r, but T isn't inherently lower without surfactant's effect. Thus, C contradicts surfactant's role, making it the false statement.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Emphysema (choice D) increases lung compliance, unlike others, making it the exception. Compliance is ease of lung expansion (ΔV/ΔP). Lung fibrosis (choice A) stiffens tissue, reducing compliance. Increased pulmonary venous pressure (choice B) causes edema, stiffening lungs. Prolonged unventilation (choice C) leads to atelectasis or surfactant loss, decreasing compliance. Alveolar edema (choice E) adds fluid, reducing elasticity. Emphysema destroys alveolar walls, reducing elastic recoil (floppy lungs), increasing compliance despite impaired function. This contrasts with restrictive conditions (A, B, C, E) that stiffen lungs, lowering compliance. Emphysema's obstructive nature raises FRC but eases expansion per pressure unit, distinguishing D as the state not decreasing compliance.