After assisting in a left lateral thoracentesis for a client with pleural effusion, the nurse monitors the client post-procedure. Which finding warrants immediate intervention?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Subcutaneous emphysema around the insertion site post-thoracentesis warrants immediate intervention. This indicates air has escaped into the subcutaneous tissue, potentially from a pneumothorax or procedural complication, which can progress to respiratory distress or tension pneumothorax. Pain on inhalation is expected, decreased breath sounds may reflect the effusion's residual effect, and 90% saturation, while low, is less urgent than emphysema's potential for rapid deterioration, requiring prompt reporting and possible chest tube placement.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Prostaglandins D, I, and E (PGD, PGI, PGE) cause renal vasodilation, increasing renal blood flow (RBF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR). They dilate afferent arterioles, enhancing glomerular hydrostatic pressure, which drives filtration. This opposes the vasoconstrictive effect of Prostaglandin F. They do not directly alter oncotic or capsular pressures, making B the accurate description of their regulatory role.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Inulin, a fructose polymer, is an ideal substance for measuring GFR because it is freely filtered by the glomerulus, not reabsorbed, secreted, or metabolized by the kidney, and its clearance equals GFR. Administered intravenously, its urinary excretion rate matches the filtration rate (e.g., 125 ml/min), making it a gold standard in research, thus A (True) is correct.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the proximal tubule, reabsorption is isosmotic, meaning water and solutes (e.g., Na⁺, Cl⁻) are reabsorbed in proportion, maintaining filtrate osmolarity similar to plasma (300 mOsm/L). The epithelium is leaky and permeable (A is false), Na⁺ moves transcellularly and paracellularly (C is false), and Cl⁺ concentrates in the lumen (D is false), making B true.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The phosphate buffer system (HPO₄²⁻/H₂PO₄⁻) is a major intracellular buffer due to high phosphate in cells, not less effective (statement's first part is false). It's also significant extracellularly in renal tubular fluid, titrating H⁺ for excretion, but not ‘major' compared to bicarbonate in plasma. The mixed accuracy makes B (False) correct.