According to Roy, The person has 4 modes of adaptation EXCEPT

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Roy's Adaptation Model (1970s) lists four modes: physiologic (body needs), self-concept (identity), role function (social roles), and interdependence (relationships) e.g., adjusting diet, self-esteem, work, and support. Subjective data isn't a mode but a data type, making it the exception. This framework guides nurses in holistic patient assessment.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Parallax error occurs when eye level misaligns with the mercury meniscus e.g., higher eyes read lower (false low), lower eyes read higher. Eye-level accuracy is key. Nurses position e.g., at meniscus height for true BP, per measurement precision principles.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Florence Nightingale crafted nursing's first theory in the 1850s, emphasizing environmental manipulation e.g., sanitation in Crimean War hospitals cut deaths. Hammurabi (laws), Alexander (conqueror), and Fabiola (caregiver) didn't theorize nursing. Her work, like 'Notes on Nursing,' formalized the profession, influencing modern practices like infection control. Recognized as nursing's founder, her environmental focus remains a bedrock, shaping its scientific and caring identity globally.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The Apprentice Period (6th-19th centuries) saw Christian orders like Sisters of Charity nurse the sick, driven by faith e.g., plague care. Unlike Dark (decline), Contemporary (modern), or Educative (schools), this era fused religious duty with caregiving, laying nursing's compassionate, service-oriented foundation.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Assessment, the first nursing process step, collects data via interview (history), observation (vitals), and examination (physical) e.g., noting dyspnea. Planning sets goals, implementation acts, and evaluation reviews. This systematic approach, per Gordon's framework, drives accurate care, essential in clinical practice.