A research problem can emanate from the following except

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Research problems arise from unresolved issues needing investigation. 'Resolved issues,' is correct as the exception because they lack the uncertainty or need for study that defines a research problem, per research methodology (e.g., Creswell). 'Recurring problems,' prompts research to find solutions. 'Gaps in the body of knowledge,' drives inquiry into unknowns. 'Personal experiences,' can inspire research questions. Resolved issues, already addressed, don't require further exploration, making D the accurate exclusion, reflecting research's focus on open questions.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The radial head articulates with the humerus' capitulum in the elbow. 'Capitulum,' is correct, a rounded lateral structure, per anatomy (e.g., Drake's Gray's Anatomy). 'Trochlea,' articulates with the ulna. 'Glenoid cavity,' is in the shoulder. 'Olecranon,' is the ulna's part. Capitulum's specific radial fit makes D the accurate answer.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Cardiac output (CO) is the product of heart rate (HR) and stroke volume (SV), and adrenaline (epinephrine) enhances both by increasing HR and contractility. 'Adrenaline,' is correct because it acts via beta-adrenergic receptors to boost sympathetic stimulation, as per physiology texts like Guyton and Hall's Medical Physiology. 'Aldosterone,' regulates blood volume and pressure long-term, not directly affecting rate or force acutely. 'Angiotensin,' primarily causes vasoconstriction and aldosterone release, indirectly influencing CO. 'Thyroxin,' increases metabolism and HR over time but lacks adrenaline's immediate, dual impact on rate and force. Adrenaline's rapid action—seen in fight-or-flight responses—makes it uniquely suited to elevate CO by enhancing both parameters, distinguishing B as the precise answer, supported by its role in cardiovascular regulation during stress.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The pancreas functions as both an exocrine gland (digestive enzymes via ducts) and an endocrine gland (insulin, glucagon into blood). 'Pancreas,' is correct, per anatomy texts like Moore, with acini (exocrine) and islets (endocrine). 'Adrenal gland,' and 'Pituitary gland,' are purely endocrine. 'Thyroid gland,' is endocrine only. The pancreas' dual role in digestion and glucose regulation makes C the precise answer, unique among endocrine glands.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have multiple double bonds. 'Oleic acid,' is correct as the exception, a monounsaturated fatty acid with one double bond, per biochemistry (e.g., Harper's). 'Linoleic acid,' 'Arachidonic acid,' and 'Linolenic acid,' are PUFAs with multiple bonds, essential in diets. Oleic acid's single unsaturation contrasts with PUFAs' plurality, making B the precise answer.