A patient with PUD is being discharged with a prescription for misoprostol. What important teaching should the nurse provide?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Avoid pregnancy while taking this medication. Misoprostol is contraindicated in pregnancy due to its potential to cause miscarriage or birth defects. It is important for the nurse to educate the patient on the risks associated with pregnancy while taking this medication. Explanation of why other choices are incorrect: A: Taking misoprostol with antacids may reduce its effectiveness as antacids can neutralize stomach acid, affecting the drug's action. C: Misoprostol should be taken with food to minimize gastrointestinal side effects, not on an empty stomach. D: Misoprostol is not a cure for PUD; it helps in treating and preventing ulcers but does not eliminate the underlying cause of the ulcer.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D: CT scan of the abdomen. A CT scan is the most appropriate immediate diagnostic test for suspected perforated peptic ulcer disease (PUD). It provides detailed images to confirm the presence of perforation, assess extent of damage, and guide surgical intervention. Upper GI endoscopy (choice A) may delay diagnosis and treatment in a perforation scenario due to the risk of causing further injury. Abdominal X-ray (choice B) may show free air under the diaphragm, but CT scan is more sensitive and specific. Barium swallow (choice C) is contraindicated in suspected perforation as it can lead to barium leakage into the abdominal cavity, causing further complications.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because peptic ulcer disease is primarily caused by the erosion of the gastrointestinal lining due to an imbalance between gastric acid and pepsin. Gastric acid and pepsin can damage the protective lining of the stomach and duodenum, leading to ulcer formation. This process is known as the acid-pepsin hypothesis. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because they do not directly relate to the underlying cause of peptic ulcer disease. Inflammation of the esophagus due to acid reflux (choice B) is a characteristic of gastroesophageal reflux disease, not peptic ulcer disease. Overproduction of insulin leading to low blood glucose levels (choice C) is a characteristic of hypoglycemia, not peptic ulcer disease. Blockage of the pancreatic ducts leading to digestion of pancreatic tissue (choice D) is a characteristic of pancreatitis, not peptic ulcer disease.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Hydrogen potassium ATPase. This enzyme is not a hormone involved in the normal function of the gut. Gastrin, Secretin, and Cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (CCK-PZ) are all hormones that play important roles in regulating digestion and gut functions. Gastrin stimulates gastric acid secretion, Secretin regulates pancreatic and bile secretions, and CCK-PZ stimulates pancreatic enzyme secretion and gallbladder contraction. Therefore, C is the correct answer because Hydrogen potassium ATPase is not a hormone relevant to gut function.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Step 1: A broken down to B represents the breakdown of proteins into amino acids. Step 2: Proteins are made up of amino acids. Step 3: Therefore, A represents proteins and B represents amino acids. Summary: Choice A is incorrect as starch does not break down into proteins. Choice B is incorrect as starch breaks down into simple sugars, not amino acids. Choice D is incorrect as proteins do not break down into simple sugars.