A patient with ESKD receives continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. The nurse observes that the dialysate drainage fluid is cloudy. What is the nurses most appropriate action?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Peritonitis is the most common and serious complication of peritoneal dialysis. The first sign of peritonitis is cloudy dialysate drainage fluid, so prompt reporting to the primary care provider and rapid assessment for other signs of infection are warranted. Administration of an IV bolus is not necessary or appropriate and the physician would determine whether removal of the catheter is required. Flushing the catheter does not address the risk for infection.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The renal cortex, the outer kidney layer, contains glomeruli and tubules, not pyramids (A), papillae (B), or calyces (C), which are in the medulla or pelvis. ‘None of the preceding' (D) fits, as these structures are absent from the cortex, making D correct.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), a natriuretic hormone, is produced by the heart's atria, not kidneys (B), to reduce sodium and volume. Kidneys produce renin and erythropoietin, making False the correct answer over True (A).

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The loop of Henle (D), not vasa recta, creates the medullary osmotic gradient via countercurrent multiplication. Vasa recta maintains it, making D the correct clarification.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Aldosterone is made in the adrenal cortex (D), not hypothalamus/pituitary, making it incorrect. Na⁺ reabsorption (A), K⁺ secretion (B), and water effects (C) are true, so D is the error.