A patient with albuminuria develops edema because of

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Albuminuria (protein loss in urine) reduces plasma albumin, lowering colloid oncotic pressure, which normally keeps fluid in vessels. This imbalance lets fluid leak into tissues, causing edema. Hydrostatic pressures and tissue osmotic pressure play lesser roles. Nurses manage this with albumin infusions, addressing the root cause to reduce swelling and support circulation.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Nursing's code of ethics, like the ANA's, defines principles autonomy, beneficence, justice, nonmaleficence guiding how nurses deliver care. It shapes professional conduct, ensuring respect for patient rights, dignity, and needs (e.g., informed consent). Improving self-health care applies to nurses personally but isn't the code's focus, which prioritizes clients. Ensuring identical care misinterprets ethics; it promotes fairness, not uniformity, as care varies by patient. Protecting clients from harm is an outcome of ethical practice (nonmaleficence), but the code's broader purpose is defining care principles, not just safety. These principles provide a moral framework, enabling nurses to navigate complex decisions, uphold trust, and maintain professionalism, making this the most comprehensive description of the code's role.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Good communication and critical thinking are paramount for accurate client information. Communication asking clear questions, listening elicits reliable responses (e.g., pain details), while critical thinking interprets them (e.g., linking symptoms), ensuring precision. Teaching and assessment are roles, not skills for extraction; teaching informs, not gathers. Cognitive skills and teaching experience overlap with critical thinking but miss communication's primacy experience aids, doesn't define. Psychomotor skills (e.g., measuring BP) collect objective data, not client perceptions. Together, communication and critical thinking unlock subjective insights, vital for a thorough, accurate assessment in nursing.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Neuman's Systems Model emphasizes strengthening lines of defense. For a client with breathing difficulty, secondary prevention intervening after symptoms (e.g., oxygen, medication) bolsters the flexible line of defense, reducing stressor impact (e.g., hypoxia) and restoring stability. Self-care goals align with Orem, not Neuman biological focus is narrower. Physiological adaptation fits Roy's model, not Neuman's defense focus. Henderson's 14 needs are unrelated; Neuman prioritizes system integrity. Secondary prevention targets active issues, aligning with Neuman's framework, making this the nurse's approach in this theory-driven care.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: PRN (pro re nata) means 'when necessary' in Latin.