A nursing department in an acute care setting decides to redesign its nursing practice based on a theoretical framework. The feedback from patients, families, and staff reflects that caring is a key element. Which theorist best supports this concept?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Jean Watson's theory of human caring emphasizes caring as the essence of nursing, focusing on holistic, patient-centered relationships, aligning with feedback valuing caring. Erikson (A) addresses development, Maslow (B) needs hierarchy, and Rogers (C) client-centered therapy, but Watson (D) directly supports caring as a framework.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Aldosterone increases collecting duct sodium reabsorption (A is false), enhances K⁺ and H⁺ excretion (B is false), causing hypernatremia, hypokalemia, and alkalosis (C, true). Within eight hours, these electrolyte and pH shifts are evident, making C (reassigned as D) correct.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) (C) reabsorbs ~65% of glomerular filtrate, including water, glucose, and ions, due to its microvilli and carrier proteins. The glomerulus (A) filters, not reabsorbs, the collecting tubule (B) adjusts urine concentration, and the ureter (D) transports urine, making C the primary reabsorption site.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is produced in the hypothalamus (D), specifically in supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei, then stored in the posterior pituitary. Juxtaglomerular cells (A) produce renin, anterior pituitary (B) releases ACTH, and adrenal cortex (C) makes aldosterone, making D correct.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The macula densa, part of the distal convoluted tubule, contacts juxtaglomerular cells at the afferent arteriole, forming the JGA to regulate renin (A). This anatomical feature is true, not false (B), making A correct.