A nurse is teaching a group of clients about influenza. Which of the following client statements indicates an additional need for teaching?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The statement about avoiding fluids signals a need for more teaching fluids are essential during flu to prevent dehydration from fever and thin mucus for easier clearance, aiding recovery. Hand washing after nose-blowing prevents spread, showing good understanding. Needing a flu shot every 2 years is incorrect but less urgent annual shots are ideal due to strain shifts, though the client grasps variability. Covering the mouth with a hand when sneezing spreads germs unless washed immediately; an elbow is better, but fluid avoidance is the most harmful misconception. The nurse corrects this to emphasize hydration's role in supporting immunity and comfort, countering a dangerous myth that could worsen outcomes, ensuring clients manage flu effectively.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The protease-antiprotease mechanism (C) is the most plausible explanation for emphysema'. Choice A is false; α₁-antitrypsin deficiency causes panacinar emphysema, not protects. Choice B is true; centriacinar destruction overinflates via obstruction. Choice D is incorrect; macrophages increase in alveolar spaces, not bronchi. Choice E (elastase up with radicals) is true but not listed. Page 721 links smoking's oxidative stress and neutrophil elastase to alveolar damage, with α₁-antitrypsin's protective role overwhelmed, making C's imbalance theory central, unlike A's reversal or D's location error.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Aspirin-induced asthma occurs in patients with allergic rhinitis and nasal polyps (B), part of the aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease triad. Choice A is false; it's a contraindication (MIMS warns of bronchospasm). Choice C is incorrect; minute doses trigger it. Choice D is wrong; aspirin inhibits cyclooxygenase, shunting to leukotrienes (lipooxygenase), not inducing COX. Choice E (urticaria) is true but not listed. Page 726 explains B's association 10-20% of asthmatics with polyps/rhinitis react, with leukotrienes causing constriction, distinguishing it over A's safety or D's mechanism.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Sarcoidosis causes bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy (C) in 90% of cases. Choice A is false; its cause is unknown (possible immune dysregulation), not silica (pneumoconiosis). Choice B is incorrect; granulomas are non-caseating. Choice D is wrong; lung pathology is most common, followed by eye/skin lesions. Choice E (more in women) is true. Page 737 confirms C's radiographic hallmark hilar nodes distinguish it, unlike A's etiology or B's necrosis error.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: S pneumoniae is endogenous flora in 20% of adults (A), colonizing the oropharynx. Choice B is true; bacterial/viral causes predominate. Choice C is false; 20-30% have positive blood cultures, not 50%. Choice D is incorrect; resistance to penicillin is variable. Choice E (H influenzae not overtaking) is true. Page 748 confirms A's carriage rate common in healthy adults, it's the leading pathogen, distinguishing it over C's exaggeration or D's sensitivity error.