A nurse is teaching a client to perform peritoneal dialysis in preparation for discharge to home. The nurse tells the client to use which of the following to prevent infection when connecting and disconnecting the peritoneal dialysis system?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Gloves and mask. Wearing gloves and a mask is essential when connecting and disconnecting the peritoneal dialysis system to prevent infection. Gloves protect against contact with contaminated fluids, while a mask prevents inhaling any potential pathogens. Goggles (choice C) are unnecessary as there is no risk of splashing in peritoneal dialysis. An apron (choice D) is also unnecessary since gloves provide adequate protection. Gloves alone (choice A) do not offer sufficient protection against potential respiratory infections. Therefore, the combination of gloves and a mask is the most appropriate choice to prevent infection during peritoneal dialysis procedures.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Vitamin D. Breastfed infants, especially those with darker skin or born in late fall/winter, are at risk of vitamin D deficiency due to limited sun exposure. Vitamin D is crucial for bone health and immune function. Iron (Choice A) is typically recommended around 4-6 months, not necessarily based on race. Fluoride (Choice C) is not recommended until at least 6 months. Calcium (Choice D) is not needed as a supplement for infants under 6 months.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because toddlers typically understand more words and concepts than they can express verbally due to their limited vocabulary and developing language skills. This is supported by research in child development showing that receptive language skills (understanding language) usually precede expressive language skills (speaking). Toddlers may struggle to articulate their thoughts and feelings, leading to frustration. Now, let's evaluate the other choices: A: Language development skills actually accelerate during the toddler period, not slow down. C: While toddlers may have pronunciation issues, most of their speech is usually understood by caregivers. D: A toddler's vocabulary usually ranges from 200 to 500 words, not strictly 600 words.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B, Notify practitioner of the observation. This is the most appropriate action because a weaker pulse distal to the catheter insertion site could indicate impaired circulation, potentially leading to complications like ischemia. Notifying the practitioner promptly allows for a timely assessment and intervention to prevent further complications. Elevating the affected extremity (A) may worsen circulation, recording data (C) is important but not as urgent as notifying the practitioner, and applying warm compresses (D) is not indicated for this situation and could exacerbate any circulatory issues.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Aortic stenosis is the correct answer as it is a defect that causes narrowing of the aortic valve, leading to obstruction of blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta. This obstruction increases the workload on the heart and can result in symptoms such as chest pain and heart failure. Tricuspid atresia, atrial septal defect, and transposition of the great arteries do not directly cause obstruction to blood flow in the same way as aortic stenosis. Tricuspid atresia involves the absence of the tricuspid valve, atrial septal defect is a hole in the atrial septum, and transposition of the great arteries involves a switch in the positions of the pulmonary artery and aorta.