A nurse is faced with a situation where two ethical principles seem to conflict. How should the nurse approach the ethical decision-making process in this case?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: When faced with conflicting ethical principles, the nurse should seek guidance from a nurse manager or ethics committee to provide a structured approach to ethical decision-making and navigate the conflict effectively.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The ethical concept central to the allocation of limited organ transplants is 'justice.' Organ allocation decisions are complex and involve considerations of fairness and equitable distribution of a scarce resource. The principle of justice in medical ethics emphasizes the need for fair and just allocation methods to ensure that patients have an equal opportunity to receive organs based on need and medical criteria rather than factors such as socioeconomic status or privilege.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The key difference is that virtue theory emphasizes the moral character of the individual. This is because virtue theory focuses on the development of moral character and the cultivation of virtues, rather than solely on the consequences of actions or whether actions are beneficial. It emphasizes the importance of developing virtuous traits such as honesty, kindness, and courage and believes that virtuous individuals will naturally make ethical choices. This distinguishes virtue theory from other ethical theories that may prioritize the consequences of actions or the idea of what is good or beneficial.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Double effect in medical ethics refers to the simultaneous occurrence of two outcomes when administering a medical intervention. Beneficence is the principle that requires healthcare professionals to act in the best interest of the patient, seeking to maximize benefits and minimize harm. Non-maleficence refers to the ethical duty of healthcare providers to avoid causing harm to the patient. Therefore, the combined effect of beneficence and non-maleficence encompasses the ethical consideration of maximizing benefits while minimizing harm in medical decision-making.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The statement suggests that one of the weaknesses of the Deontological theory is its inability to resolve conflicts among moral persons who disagree. However, this statement is false. Deontological ethics focuses on the inherent moral obligations and principles that guide our actions. It provides a framework for resolving conflicts by prioritizing moral duties and principles over personal preferences or opinions.