A nurse is evaluating a client's progress after receiving hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) for a chronic venous ulcer. Which outcome indicates that HBOT has been effective?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Increased granulation tissue in the ulcer is the correct outcome indicating hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) effectiveness for a chronic venous ulcer. HBOT delivers high-pressure oxygen to enhance tissue oxygenation, stimulating angiogenesis, collagen synthesis, and fibroblast activity, which directly boost granulation tissue formation a hallmark of healing. Reduced pain may occur but isn't specific to HBOT, as analgesics or other factors could contribute, and pain isn't a reliable healing metric. Increased blood oxygen saturation reflects systemic levels, not local tissue oxygenation, which HBOT targets, making it less relevant. Decreased edema could result from compression or elevation, not uniquely HBOT, and isn't a direct healing indicator. Granulation tissue growth ties directly to HBOT's mechanism, providing clear evidence of improved wound bed vitality and progression toward closure.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Autograft is the correct term for a graft taken from the client's thigh to treat an arm wound. It uses the patient's own skin, minimizing rejection and infection risks while offering superior cosmetic and functional outcomes, ideal for large wounds. Allograft involves donor human skin, typically temporary, from cadavers or living donors, not the client's own tissue. Xenograft uses animal skin (e.g., pig), also temporary, for protection until an autograft is viable. Mesh graft describes a technique, not a source, where skin is slit to expand coverage, applicable to autografts or allografts. Autograft's self-sourcing distinguishes it, ensuring compatibility and long-term healing, making it the precise term for this scenario.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: All of the above,' as age, amount of underlying tissue, and illness all influence skin integrity resistance. Age (A) affects skin thickness and elasticity elderly skin thins, losing resilience, while youthful skin is more robust. Amount of underlying tissue (B), like subcutaneous fat, cushions and protects skin; less tissue increases vulnerability to breakdown, as in malnourishment. Illness (C) weakens skin through impaired immunity or circulation, as in diabetes or infection, reducing repair capacity. Each factor independently impacts durability, and together, they compound risk, making 'All of the above' correct. In nursing, this holistic view guides risk assessment e.g., an elderly, thin patient with chronic illness is prone to ulcers. No single factor suffices; their synergy is critical, distinguishing D as the comprehensive choice per wound care principles.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Neutrophil,' as neutrophils are the primary white blood cells in the inflammatory phase of wound healing. They arrive first (within hours), phagocytosing bacteria and debris to prevent infection, peaking early in this phase. 'Leukocyte' is a broad term including all white cells (neutrophils, macrophages), but the question seeks specificity neutrophils dominate initially. 'Macrophage' arrives later, clearing debris and aiding repair, but isn't first. 'A and B' is too vague, missing neutrophils' primacy. In nursing, recognizing neutrophils' role guides infection monitoring elevated counts signal inflammation. The inflammatory phase's early focus on bacterial defense highlights C, distinguishing it from broader or later-acting cells.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: It depends,' as a pressure ulcer can be acute or chronic depending on its duration and healing trajectory. Acute pressure ulcers form quickly from intense, short-term pressure (e.g., post-surgery immobility) and may heal with prompt relief. Chronic pressure ulcers persist over weeks or months, often in immobile patients with comorbidities like diabetes, staying in the inflammatory phase. 'Acute wound' alone doesn't account for chronic cases. 'Chronic wound' excludes acute ones. 'None of the above' dismisses valid variability. In nursing, this distinction guides care acute ulcers need immediate pressure relief, chronic ones require ongoing management (e.g., debridement). The question's broad scope demands flexibility, making C the accurate choice reflecting pressure ulcers' context-dependent nature.