A nurse is educating a client about the influenza vaccine. Which statement should the nurse include?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The nurse includes that the vaccine can cause mild symptoms like a sore arm, a common reaction to the inactivated flu shot's injection and immune response, preparing the client for normal effects without alarm. It's effective regardless of past flu prior infection doesn't negate need, as strains evolve. It doesn't guarantee flu prevention effectiveness varies (e.g., 40–60% when matched) but reduces risk and severity. It's not live bacteria made from inactivated influenza viruses, not bacterial. This accurate, reassuring statement educates on realistic expectations, boosting compliance by addressing side effects upfront, aligning with evidence-based vaccine promotion for informed decision-making.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The hallmark of chronic bronchitis is mucus hypersecretion in large airways (A), from gland hypertrophy'. Choice B is false; goblet cells increase markedly in small airways, not main bronchi. Choice C is incorrect; infection maintains, not initiates, disease (smoking is primary). Choice D is true; smoke activates alveolar macrophages. Choice E (dysplasia to emphysema) oversimplifies. Page 722 defines A as the core feature excess mucus from hypertrophied glands and goblet cells clogs large airways, distinguishing it over B's location or C's causality.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Bronchiectasis shows airway dilation up to four times normal size (A), a hallmark of permanent damage. Choice B is false; it affects lower lobes (gravity-dependent). Choice C is incorrect; it's usually bilateral. Choice D is wrong; squamous metaplasia occurs. Choice E (variable histology) is true. Page 728 details A's dilation chronic inflammation/necrosis widens bronchi, with fibrosis or abscesses in severe cases, contrasting with B's lobe error or D's metaplasia denial.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Hypersensitivity pneumonitis is partly caused by Type III hypersensitivity (C), with immune complexes and Type IV granulomas. Choice A is false; it's distinct from asthma (alveolar focus). Choice B is incorrect; it's from organic dusts (e.g., fungi), not non-organic. Choice D is wrong; it's allergic alveolitis, not bronchiolitis. Choice E (non-caseating granulomas) is true. Page 739 details C's mechanism antigen-antibody complexes trigger inflammation (e.g., farmer's lung), distinguishing it over A's link or B's dust type.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Staph aureus pneumonia is common with endocarditis in IV drug users (A), via hematogenous spread. Choice B is false; it causes complications (e.g., empyema). Choice C is incorrect; Klebsiella, not S aureus, targets malnourished/alcoholics. Choice D is wrong; it follows viral infections (e.g., influenza), not mumps. Choice E (nosocomial) is true. Page 748 links A's association S aureus's virulence in IVDU leads to septic emboli, distinguishing it over B's complication denial or C's group error.