A nurse is developing a teaching plan for a patient with COPD. What should the nurse include as the most important area of teaching?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The most important teaching area for a COPD patient is setting and accepting realistic short- and long-range goals, addressing the disease's progressive, incurable nature. Short-term goals (e.g., walking 10 minutes daily) and long-range goals (e.g., maintaining independence) adapt to declining lung function (e.g., low FEV1), reducing frustration and enhancing self-efficacy. Avoiding temperature extremes helps comfort but doesn't alter disease course. Moderate activity is beneficial but secondary overexertion risks dyspnea without goal-setting's framework. Avoiding stress aids coping but isn't the core focus; emotional triggers don't drive COPD pathology. The nurse's emphasis on realistic goals specific, measurable guides patients to pace activities and accept limitations, aligning with chronic disease management principles for sustained quality of life.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Instructing the patient to place a hand over the incision splints it during turning, reducing discomfort by supporting the surgical site against muscle pull or suture strain. This self-directed support minimizes pain and risk of dehiscence, common with movement post-surgery. Closing eyes or holding breath offers no mechanical relief, focusing on distraction or tension, not support. Holding the nurse's shoulders shifts effort away from incision protection. The nurse's guidance ensures the patient actively mitigates discomfort, enhancing safety and comfort during repositioning, a key postoperative mobility intervention.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Applying a warm blanket in the preoperative holding area counters the cool environment kept so to limit microbial growth preventing hypothermia and easing patient comfort before surgery. Vital signs aren't routinely monitored every 15 minutes unless indicated (e.g., med administration); this area focuses on readiness verification. Ambulatory patients rarely arrive with urinary drainage bags or dressings those are postoperative. The nurse's action enhances emotional and physical preparation, aligning with holding area priorities to stabilize patients for the operating suite.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Agents of socialization are divided into primary and secondary categories based on their sequence and depth of influence. Primary agents, like the family, are the earliest and most foundational, instilling basic values and behaviors in an individual from infancy. Secondary agents, such as schools, religious institutions, and peer groups, exert influence later, typically after the family has established a social base. The question seeks a non-secondary agent, implying a primary one. 'The family,' is correct because it is the primary agent, shaping individuals before they engage with external systems, as supported by George Herbert Mead's theory of the self, which highlights the family's role in early identity formation. 'The school,' is a secondary agent, educating children after initial home socialization. 'The religious institutions,' and 'Peer group,' are also secondary, impacting individuals through structured settings or social interactions later in development. The family's unique position as the first and most intimate agent distinguishes it, making B the accurate choice over the secondary options.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Non-sterile specimens come from areas of the body naturally colonized by microbes, while sterile specimens are from normally microbe-free sites. 'Urine,' is the correct answer as the exception because, in a healthy individual, urine in the bladder is sterile until it reaches the urethra, where contamination may occur. Choices A, 'Nasal secretion,' B, 'Vaginal secretion,' and D, 'Vomitus,' are non-sterile, as the nasal passages, vagina, and gastrointestinal tract harbor normal flora (e.g., Staphylococcus in the nose, Lactobacillus in the vagina). Microbiology standards, like those in clinical lab manuals, classify urine as potentially sterile when collected midstream, unlike the others, which are inherently non-sterile due to resident bacteria. The question's focus on non-sterile specimens' excludes urine's typical sterility in the upper urinary tract, making C the standout answer.