A nurse is assessing a patient who underwent urinary catheterization and irrigations. What is a potential complication associated with these procedures?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Catheterization and irrigations risk trauma to the urinary tract (e.g., urethra) and infection (e.g., CAUTI) (D) due to invasive entry and bacterial introduction. Kidney stones (A), urgency (B), and nocturia (C) are less directly linked, making D the primary complication.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The renal cortex, the outer kidney layer, contains glomeruli and tubules, not pyramids (A), papillae (B), or calyces (C), which are in the medulla or pelvis. ‘None of the preceding' (D) fits, as these structures are absent from the cortex, making D correct.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), a natriuretic hormone, is produced by the heart's atria, not kidneys (B), to reduce sodium and volume. Kidneys produce renin and erythropoietin, making False the correct answer over True (A).

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The loop of Henle (D), not vasa recta, creates the medullary osmotic gradient via countercurrent multiplication. Vasa recta maintains it, making D the correct clarification.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Nephrosclerosis causes hypertension (A), so monitoring BP is key. Weights (B) and I&O (C) are for renal failure, not typical here, and anticoagulants (D) aren't used, making A the focus.