A nurse is asked by a family member to disclose a patient's medical information without the patient's consent. What is the nurse's appropriate response to this request?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Refusing to disclose the information and explaining confidentiality upholds the nurse's legal and ethical obligation to protect patient privacy.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The principle of non-maleficence in medical ethics is based on the idea of 'do no harm.' It obligates healthcare providers to avoid causing harm to patients, whether through action or inaction. This principle ensures that treatments or interventions do not result in unnecessary harm or risk. While beneficence focuses on promoting the patient's well-being, non-maleficence is specifically about avoiding harm.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Autonomy refers to the ability to think, decide, and act freely and independently, without any external constraints or interference. It emphasizes individual freedom and self-governance, allowing individuals to make their own choices and take responsibility for their actions. This concept is often associated with personal autonomy, where individuals have the right to make decisions about their own lives.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The virtue theory combines the strengths of both deontological and teleological theories. Similar to the deontological theory, it emphasizes the importance of moral character and virtues in guiding ethical behavior. At the same time, it also recognizes the significance of the consequences and outcomes of actions, which aligns with the teleological theory.