A nurse has been asked to give a workshop on COPD for a local community group. The nurse emphasizes the importance of smoking cessation because smoking has what pathophysiologic effect?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Smoking cessation is vital in COPD because smoking increases mucus production, a key pathophysiologic effect. Cigarette smoke irritates goblet cells and mucous glands, overproducing thick mucus that clogs airways, impairs ciliary clearance, and fosters inflammation and infection central to COPD's chronic bronchitis component. Hemoglobin isn't destabilized; smoking forms carboxyhemoglobin, reducing oxygen capacity, but this is secondary. Alveoli don't shrink or collapse acutely emphysema involves their distention and destruction from elastase imbalance. The nurse's emphasis on mucus production educates the group on how smoking drives obstruction and symptoms (e.g., cough, dyspnea), reinforcing cessation's role in halting this cascade, per COPD pathogenesis and public health campaigns.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Preoperative assessment aims to establish the patient's baseline of normal function vital signs, labs, and health history to anticipate and prevent postoperative complications like infection or respiratory failure. This baseline guides anesthesia dosing and surgical planning, ensuring deviations (e.g., hypoxia) are quickly recognized. Planning postoperative care, educating the patient and family, and gathering equipment are critical but follow this initial step they're interventions, not the assessment's primary purpose. By documenting norms like respiratory rate or cardiac status, the nurse sets a reference for intraoperative and postoperative monitoring, reducing risks tied to individual variability. This foundational data collection aligns with safety protocols, enabling tailored care throughout the perioperative process.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: For a minor procedure like arm cyst removal, starting with clear liquids, soup, and crackers, then advancing as tolerated, best supports diet progression. Anesthesia can slow gastrointestinal motility, risking nausea; a gradual approach tests tolerance, avoiding vomiting that could strain the surgical site. No limitations risk digestive upset from heavy foods too soon. A 24-hour clear liquid restriction is excessive for ambulatory surgery recovery is faster. Timed progression (2 hours each) is too rigid; tolerance varies. This flexible, patient-led explanation ensures comfort and hydration, aligning with ambulatory care standards for quick, safe recovery.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: With obstructive sleep apnea, the nurse monitors for choking and noisy, irregular respirations signs of airway obstruction post-anesthesia. Anesthesia weakens pharyngeal muscles, and sleep apnea's baseline obstruction worsens this, risking hypoxia. Shallow respirations suggest depression, not obstruction. Pain reports are expected but unrelated to apnea. Disorientation may hint at hypoxia but isn't specific. Monitoring these respiratory signs ensures timely intervention (e.g., repositioning, oxygen), critical for this high-risk patient, per postoperative airway management standards.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Personality describes the consistent patterns of thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that define how an individual reacts to life's challenges and situations, making each person unique. 'Personality,' is correct because it aligns with this definition, as articulated by Gordon Allport, who viewed personality as a dynamic organization of traits influencing responses. 'Relationship,' refers to connections between people, not individual response patterns. 'Socialization,' is the process of learning societal norms, not the resulting behavioral habits. 'Interaction,' denotes specific exchanges with others, not a stable, habitual trait. Personality's emphasis on enduring, individual-specific responses matches the question's focus on habitual ways, distinguishing it from situational or process-oriented terms. Psychological research, including the Big Five personality traits, reinforces that personality governs how individuals consistently handle life's situations, making A the precise answer over the less relevant alternatives.