A client with renal calculi is being taught about dietary management. Which of the following statements by the client indicates an understanding of the teaching?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because decreasing the intake of calcium-rich foods can help manage and prevent the formation of renal calculi. Excessive calcium intake can contribute to the formation of these stones, so reducing calcium-rich foods is a key dietary modification for individuals with renal calculi. Choice A is incorrect as increasing calcium-rich foods can exacerbate the condition. Choice C is incorrect because increasing sodium-rich foods can lead to more stone formation due to increased calcium excretion. Choice D is incorrect as potassium-rich foods do not directly contribute to the formation of renal calculi.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Correct! Hyperkalemia is a condition characterized by high levels of potassium in the blood. To manage hyperkalemia, it is essential to decrease the intake of potassium-rich foods since excess potassium can worsen the condition. By understanding the need to decrease potassium-rich foods, the client shows comprehension of the dietary management required for hyperkalemia. Choice A is incorrect because increasing potassium-rich foods would exacerbate hyperkalemia. Choice C is incorrect since increasing sodium-rich foods is unrelated to managing hyperkalemia and could potentially lead to other health issues. Choice D is incorrect as decreasing sodium-rich foods is not the primary focus when managing hyperkalemia.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Sterilization of culture media is critical in microbiology to eliminate contaminants. Autoclaving (choice A) uses moist heat under pressure (typically 121°C at 15 psi for 15-20 minutes) to kill bacteria, spores, and viruses, making it the gold standard for sterilizing liquid media like agar or broth. Boiling (choice B) at 100°C can kill vegetative bacteria but not heat-resistant spores, rendering it inadequate for complete sterilization. Hot air oven (choice C) employs dry heat (160-170°C for 2 hours) and is suitable for glassware, not liquid media, as it may evaporate or degrade nutrients. Ionizing radiation (choice D) is effective for heat-sensitive materials (e.g., plastics), but it's less common for routine media preparation due to cost and equipment needs. Autoclaving is the correct answer (A) because it ensures thorough sterilization of culture media, a process nurses and lab personnel rely on to maintain aseptic conditions for accurate diagnostic cultures.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Renal carcinoma (e.g., renal cell carcinoma) often presents insidiously. Dysuria (choice A) suggests infection, not cancer. Painless hematuria (choice B) is classic, as tumors bleed into urine without early pain, often the first sign. Urgency (choice C) relates to bladder issues, not renal tumors. Erythema (choice D) is skin redness, unrelated. B is correct, reflecting renal carcinoma's hallmark. Nurses educate on reporting hematuria, monitor for flank pain or mass (later signs), and support diagnostic imaging, aiding early detection.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Humerus fractures require specific traction. Bryant's traction (choice A) treats femoral fractures in children. Overhead suspension traction (choice B) stabilizes humeral fractures, aligning via arm suspension. Thomas splint (choice C) is for femur fractures. 90-90 traction (choice D) suits femoral shaft issues. B is correct, standard for humerus. Nurses apply it, check alignment, and prevent skin breakdown, aiding healing.