A client with a new diagnosis of chronic kidney disease is being taught about dietary management. Which of the following statements should be included in the teaching?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In chronic kidney disease, decreasing the intake of phosphorus-rich foods is essential as impaired kidney function can lead to difficulty in excreting phosphorus, causing an imbalance. This can result in bone and heart complications. Therefore, educating the client to reduce phosphorus intake is crucial for managing the disease and preventing further complications. Option A is incorrect because excessive protein intake can burden the kidneys. Option C is not directly related to the management of chronic kidney disease. Option D is also incorrect as potassium intake may need to be limited in certain stages of kidney disease.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct statement to include in the teaching is to increase the intake of vitamin D-rich foods. Vitamin D helps improve calcium absorption, which is beneficial for bone health and may help alleviate symptoms of osteoarthritis. Option A is incorrect because while calcium is important for bone health, the focus should be on vitamin D for calcium absorption. Option B is incorrect as potassium is generally not restricted in osteoarthritis. Option D is also incorrect as sodium restriction is more relevant for conditions like hypertension or heart failure, not specifically for osteoarthritis.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Neonates of diabetic mothers (NDM) face metabolic challenges due to maternal hyperglycemia. Hypoglycemia (choice A) occurs because fetal hyperinsulinemia, triggered by high maternal glucose, persists after birth when glucose supply drops. Hypocalcemia (choice B) arises from delayed parathyroid hormone response, common in NDMs. Hyperglycemia (choice C) is less likely postnatally; it's a maternal issue, not a neonatal risk, as the infant's insulin levels typically normalize glucose after delivery. Hyperbilirubinemia (choice D) results from increased red blood cell breakdown, often linked to polycythemia in NDMs. Choice C is correct because hyperglycemia is not a typical risk after birth; instead, hypoglycemia dominates due to insulin excess. Nurses must monitor blood glucose closely in the first hours, provide calcium if needed, and watch for jaundice, ensuring timely management of these interconnected risks to prevent seizures, bone issues, or kernicterus.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Polyhydramnios is excess amniotic fluid, complicating pregnancy. Normal volume at term is 500-1000 ml. Polyhydramnios is diagnosed above 2000 ml (choice C) via ultrasound (amniotic fluid index >24 cm), often due to fetal anomalies (e.g., esophageal atresia) or maternal diabetes. 1000 ml (choice A) is normal, 1500 ml (choice B) is borderline, and 2500 ml (choice D) exceeds typical thresholds but isn't the standard cutoff. C is correct, per obstetric guidelines. Nurses monitor for preterm labor or distress, supporting maternal-fetal care.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Nephrotic syndrome disrupts kidney filtration. Proteinuria (choice A) exceeds 3.5 g/day, causing hypoalbuminemia. Edema (choice B) results from low oncotic pressure, fluid shifting to tissues. Hyperlipidemia (choice C) occurs as the liver compensates for protein loss. All (choice D) are hallmarks, correct per definition. Nurses monitor urine protein, manage swelling, and educate on diet, addressing this triad.