A client who is unconscious needs frequent mouth care. When performing mouth care, the best position of a client is:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Positioning an unconscious client for mouth care requires prioritizing airway protection and procedural safety. An unconscious client is at risk for aspiration of saliva, secretions, or cleaning solutions, as they lack a gag reflex and cannot swallow effectively. The side-lying position (B) is optimal because it allows gravity to drain secretions out of the mouth, reducing the risk of aspiration into the lungs. Fowler's position (A), a semi-upright posture, is useful for alert clients but less effective for unconscious ones, as secretions may still pool in the throat. Supine (C), lying flat on the back, increases aspiration risk by allowing fluids to flow toward the airway. Trendelenburg (D), with the head lower than the feet, is contraindicated as it exacerbates aspiration risk and is typically used for specific circulatory interventions. Side-lying facilitates access to the oral cavity while ensuring safety, making B the best choice for this vulnerable client.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: General Adaptation Syndrome, by Hans Selye, describes stress responses: alarm (fight-or-flight), resistance (coping), and exhaustion (depletion). The Health Belief Model addresses behavior via perceived risks, the Transtheoretical Model focuses on change stages, and the Health Promotion Model targets wellness actions. In nursing, recognizing these stages helps manage stress-related conditions, like burnout or chronic illness, adjusting care to support adaptation or recovery during prolonged stressors.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: A CPAP mask (D) is most appropriate for sleep apnea, delivering constant pressure to keep airways open, improving oxygenation and sleep quality. Nasal cannula (A), Venturi (B), and non-rebreather (C) don't provide pressure support. CPAP is the gold standard, per sleep medicine, addressing apnea effectively.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Immunity is the body's defense mechanism against pathogens.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: External knee/leg rotation isn't done e.g., dorsal recumbent with slight knee flexion relaxes abdomen. Voiding (empty bladder), straightened legs (relaxation), and dorsal position aid inspection. Nurses avoid rotation e.g., for clear view per abdominal exam norms.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Barrett's esophagus is a precancerous condition linked to chronic acid reflux. Normally, the esophagus has squamous epithelium, but in Barrett's, the lower esophagus (choice A) transforms into columnar epithelium (resembling intestinal lining) due to repeated injury, increasing adenocarcinoma risk. Upper esophagus involvement (choice B) isn't typical, as reflux affects the distal end. Cuboidal epithelium (choices C and D) isn't involved; columnar is the key change. A is correct, reflecting Barrett's pathology. Nurses educate on reflux management, monitor for dysphagia, and support endoscopic surveillance to detect early malignancy.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Cultural sensitivity in ethics is respecting cultural values (B), per principles e.g., honoring beliefs. Not ignoring (A), not forcing (C), not legal (D) ethics-based. B best defines its respectful approach, like Mr. Gary's cultural needs, making it correct.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Agreeing post-explanation is informed consent (A) understanding and choice, per ethics. Confidentiality (B) privacy, fidelity (C) promises, justice (D) fairness not consent-specific. A fits Mr. Gary's informed decision, supported by the nurse's role in education, making it correct.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The scientific method hypothesizing, experimenting, analyzing, concluding grounds research, offering a systematic, objective way to build knowledge. In nursing, it validates practices (e.g., hand hygiene efficacy), ensuring evidence is reliable. Evidence is research's product, not its foundation; it emerges from the method. Experience informs hypotheses but is subjective, lacking rigor without structure e.g., a nurse's hunch needs testing. Self-actualization, a Maslow need, relates to personal growth, not research's basis; it's irrelevant here. The scientific method's disciplined approach distinguishes research from intuition, enabling nurses to trust findings for practice (e.g., wound care protocols), making it the cornerstone of credible, reproducible research in healthcare.