A client is admitted with a deep and productive cough, hemoptysis, and a low-grade fever. The client's Mantoux skin test has a 15 mm induration. Which intervention should the nurse implement first?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The nurse should first initiate airborne particulate isolation precautions for a client with cough, hemoptysis, fever, and a 15 mm Mantoux test induration. These signs strongly suggest active tuberculosis (TB), a highly contagious airborne disease. Isolation prevents transmission to others, a public health priority, before confirmatory tests like sputum AFB or treatment with rifampin/isoniazid begin. A mask is insufficient alone, making immediate isolation the critical first step per infection control guidelines.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Podocytes are specialized, branching epithelial cells located in the visceral layer of the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule, surrounding the glomerular capillaries. Their foot processes form filtration slits, allowing small molecules like water and ions to pass into the capsule while retaining larger proteins. This role in filtration distinguishes them from cells in the proximal tubule (reabsorption), distal tubule (macula densa), or collecting duct (water regulation), making B the correct answer.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The filtration membrane consists of three layers: fenestrated endothelium, basement membrane, and visceral layer of the glomerular capsule (podocytes with filtration slits), filtering blood into the capsule. The capsular space (Bowman's space) is where filtrate collects, not part of the membrane itself, distinguishing it from the structural components, making C correct.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) is the primary site for secreting organic ions like urate and creatinine. Specialized transporters in the PCT move these substances from peritubular capillaries into the tubular lumen, aiding waste elimination. The distal tubule secretes H⁺ and K⁺, while the Loop and collecting duct have different roles, making A correct.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: With ADH, the medullary interstitium reaches ~1200 mOsm/kg Hâ‚‚O due to the countercurrent multiplier (NaCl from the ascending limb) and urea recycling (from the collecting duct). Both contribute to the hyperosmotic gradient driving water reabsorption. NaCl alone (A) or urea alone (B) underestimates this, and 1200 mOsm is achievable (D is false), making C correct.