A client has come into contact with HIV. As a result, HIV glycoproteins have fused with the client's CD4+ T-cell membranes. This process characterizes what phase in the HIV life cycle?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Attachment. This phase in the HIV life cycle involves the fusion of HIV glycoproteins with the client's CD4+ T-cell membranes. This initial step allows the virus to bind to the host cell and gain entry for further infection. Integration (A) refers to the stage where the viral DNA is inserted into the host cell genome. Cleavage (C) involves the processing of viral proteins by host cell enzymes. Budding (D) is the final step where new viral particles are released from the host cell membrane. Thus, the fusion of glycoproteins with the host cell membrane is specifically known as the Attachment phase.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because when excessive bleeding occurs, the volume of blood in the blood vessels decreases, causing a drop in blood pressure. This is due to the insufficient amount of fluid left in the blood vessels to maintain normal blood pressure. Choice B is incorrect because an increased oxygen supply would not directly cause a drop in blood pressure. Choice C is incorrect because a decrease in iron in the blood would not directly affect blood pressure in the context of excessive bleeding. Choice D is incorrect as an increase in red blood cell production may help compensate for blood loss but would not cause a drop in blood pressure directly.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C: Stem cell transplantation. Stem cell transplantation is considered the standard treatment for aplastic anemia as it aims to replace the dysfunctional bone marrow with healthy stem cells to restore blood cell production. This procedure has the potential to cure aplastic anemia by providing a source of healthy cells that can differentiate into all blood cell types. Antithymocyte globulin (A) and cyclosporine (B) are commonly used immunosuppressive therapies to help manage the condition but do not offer a curative effect. Transfusions (D) are used to alleviate symptoms of aplastic anemia by providing necessary blood components but do not address the underlying cause of the disease.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Confusion and agitation. In older people with anemia, decreased oxygen supply to the brain can lead to cognitive symptoms like confusion and agitation. This is more likely in older individuals due to age-related changes in the brain's ability to compensate for decreased oxygen levels. Explanation of why other choices are incorrect: B: Increased thirst is a common symptom of anemia in all age groups due to the body's attempt to increase blood volume. C: Shortness of breath is a common symptom of anemia regardless of age, as it is a result of decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. D: Weak and rapid pulse is a common symptom of anemia in all age groups due to the heart working harder to compensate for decreased oxygen levels.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A: Cryofibrinogen. Cryofibrinogenemia can cause a spurious decrease in Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) due to the presence of cryoprecipitates in the blood sample, leading to underestimation of red blood cell volume. Cryofibrinogen does not actually alter the size of the red blood cells, but its presence interferes with the accurate measurement of MCV. Summary: B: Hyperglycemia does not affect MCV. C: Autoagglutination causes clumping of red blood cells, leading to falsely elevated MCV. D: High white blood cell count does not directly impact MCV.