A client asks the nurse if the body possesses any natural defenses against influenza. What information about natural defenses should the nurse provide to the client?

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The nurse explains that viscous mucus secretions trap influenza viruses in the respiratory tract, while local immunologic defenses antibodies and inflammation neutralize them at entry, forming the body's first line against flu. This response, causing symptoms like swelling, limits viral spread before systemic immunity kicks in. Lowering body temperature isn't a defense fever helps fight viruses. Antihistamines aren't naturally released, and catecholamines don't target flu. Coughing clears mucus, but antidiuretic hormone inhibition relates to hydration, not defense. This accurate info highlights mucus and local immunity's protective roles, educating the client on innate barriers, enhancing understanding of flu resistance and symptom origins.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Inhaled allergens elicit a T_H2-dominated response favoring IgE production (C) in extrinsic asthma. Choice A is true; IgE cross-linking releases mediators (e.g., histamine) opening tight junctions. Choice B is false; it's Type I hypersensitivity (IgE-mediated), not Type II (antibody-cell). Choice D is incorrect; major basic protein (eosinophil-derived) damages epithelium, not inhibits. Choice E (antigen penetration) follows A. Page 725 (Fig 15-11) confirms C's T_H2 role IL-4/IL-13 drive IgE, distinguishing it over B's type error or D's protective claim.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Asbestos acts as a tumor initiator and promoter (D), uniquely among dusts. Choice A is false; family members risk exposure from workers' clothes. Choice B is incorrect; both mesothelioma and lung carcinoma are common. Choice C is wrong; serpentine fibers are less pathogenic (cleared easier) than amphiboles. Choice E (smoking increases carcinoma risk) is true. Page 736 confirms D's dual role asbestos induces mutations and promotes growth, distinguishing it over A's risk denial or C's fiber error.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Normal pulmonary blood pressure is 1/8 of systemic pressure (A), ≈15 mmHg vs. 120 mmHg. Choice B is false; pulmonary hypertension is usually secondary (e.g., lung disease). Choice C is incorrect; emphysema increases resistance via capillary loss, not vasoconstriction. Choice D is wrong; it's defined as mean pressure ≥25 mmHg, not tied to systemic. Choice E (sudden death from PE) is distinct. Page 743 confirms A's ratio low-pressure pulmonary circuit contrasts with B's primary claim or C's mechanism.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Community-acquired pneumonitis can mimic ARDS's alveolar damage pattern (A), e.g., diffuse injury. Choice B is false; involvement varies (patchy or lobar). Choice C is incorrect; pleural effusions are uncommon. Choice D is wrong; white cell count is mildly elevated. Choice E (no fibrosis) is true. Page 751 notes A's similarity organisms like Mycoplasma cause ARDS-like exudates in epidemics (schools/prisons), unlike B's uniformity or C's effusion claim.