A bloody pleural effusion is consistent with a diagnosis of which of the following:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: A bloody pleural effusion aligns with pulmonary embolus (A) and myocardial infarct (C) thus D (A & C). Embolus causes infarction, leaking RBCs into pleura; post-MI (e.g., Dressler's) involves hemorrhagic inflammation. Acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis (B) causes abdominal effusion, rarely pleural, and not typically bloody unless complicated. All' overextends pancreatitis lacks direct pleural linkage. Bloody effusions (RBC >10,000/mm³) signal vascular or inflammatory breach, distinguishing from transudates, critical in differential diagnosis via thoracentesis, a chest nursing focus.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct respiratory passageway order is pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles. Air enters via nose/mouth to the pharynx (throat), passes the larynx (voice box), enters the trachea (windpipe), splits into bronchi (lung branches), then bronchioles (smaller airways) before alveoli. Other sequences misorder: trachea before larynx (C) or bronchioles before bronchi (B) defy anatomy; pharynx-to-trachea skips larynx (A). This flow pharynx to larynx to trachea to bronchi to bronchioles conditions air and directs it for gas exchange, a foundational pathway in respiratory anatomy, critical for airway management and pathology localization.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Gaseous exchange occurs in the alveoli, tiny air sacs in the lungs where oxygen diffuses into the blood and carbon dioxide exits, facilitated by their thin walls and vast surface area surrounded by capillaries. The pharynx conducts air but lacks exchange surfaces. The larynx manages airflow and sound, not diffusion. The trachea transports air to the lungs, lined with cilia and mucus for filtering, not gas exchange. Alveoli's unique structure thin, moist, and capillary-rich optimizes this process, driven by concentration gradients, making them the respiratory system's exchange hub. This distinction is vital for understanding respiration's purpose: delivering oxygen to tissues and removing waste, a cornerstone of pulmonary physiology and clinical respiratory care.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: regional pulmonary blood flow differences (apex to base) arise from hydrostatic pressure gradients (West zones). Choice A is false; increased arterial pressure (Pa) reduces resistance via vessel distension. Choice B is true; hypoxia (low POâ‚‚) causes vasoconstriction, but isn't the question's focus. Choice D is wrong; in Zone 1 (apex), PA > Pa > Pv, stopping flow. Gravity increases Pa and Pv from apex (Zone 1, minimal flow) to base (Zone 3, high flow), with resistance adjusting inversely. C accurately describes this vertical distribution.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Complete all prescribed medications' (B) prevents pneumonia recurrence by eradicating pathogens (e.g., S. pneumoniae), per AAP guidelines. Reporting symptoms (A) is reactive, not preventive. Vaccinations (C) protect long-term but not immediate recurrence. Rest (D) aids recovery, not prevention. The document's answer (B) ensures antibiotic compliance unfinished courses (e.g., 5 vs. 10 days) risk resistant bacteria, distinguishing it from A's monitoring or C's future focus.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The 2009 H1N1 influenza virus was a reassortant strain with genes from pig (swine flu viruses), bird (avian influenza), and human sources, reflecting its zoonotic origins. Pigs act as ‘mixing vessels,' allowing genetic exchange between flu strains from different species, which occurred here, creating a novel virus that jumped to humans. Bird genes contributed via prior avian flu strains, while human genes enabled efficient human-to-human transmission, fueling the pandemic. Cat-derived flu genes aren't documented in H1N1's makeup felines aren't typical influenza reservoirs. Pig genes alone don't tell the full story; it's the combination that matters. The nurse educates on this multi-species origin to highlight how influenza evolves, emphasizing vigilance for zoonotic threats, a key infection control lesson from H1N1's global spread, informing strategies like surveillance and vaccination.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Mediastinal emphysema air in mediastinum stems from tracheal perforation (B), e.g., trauma or barotrauma, leaking air (crunching sound, Hamman's sign). Collaterals (A) fit SVCS. Elderly debilitation (C) is nonspecific. Perforation's air escape is key, needing urgent imaging (e.g., CT), guiding intervention in chest emergencies.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Histoplasmosis, from Histoplasma capsulatum, thrives in soil enriched by bird or bat droppings, peaking in the Mississippi River Valley, where humid conditions favor spore dispersal, causing lung infections via inhalation. The Pacific Northwest has fewer cases cooler, less bat-heavy. The desert southwest suits coccidioidomycosis, not histoplasmosis. The Colorado River Valley lacks the specific ecology for Histoplasma. The Mississippi region's 'histo belt' links to farming and river systems, driving endemicity cases mimic flu or progress to disseminated disease in the immunocompromised, requiring itraconazole, unlike other regions' fungal profiles, key for geographic disease mapping.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Nonatopic asthma has normal serum IgE levels (B), emphasizing bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Choice A is false; it's typically viral-triggered, not bacterial. Choice C is incorrect; skin tests are negative (no atopy). Choice D is wrong; occupational asthma is atopic (allergen-driven). Choice E (intrinsic label) is true but not listed. Page 726 details B's distinction lacking IgE elevation, it contrasts with atopic asthma's allergic basis, relying on mucosal inflammation lowering vagal receptor thresholds, unlike C's test results or D's category.