A 50-year-old man with fasting blood glucose >140 mg/dL on two occasions is put on a restricted caloric diet and started on a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist. Which of the following laboratory studies is most likely to afford the best method of monitoring disease control in this man?

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Nonenzymatic glycosylation refers to the chemical process whereby glucose attaches to proteins without the aid of enzymes. The degree of glycosylation is proportionate to the level of blood glucose. Many proteins, including hemoglobin, undergo nonenzymatic glycosylation. Because RBCs have a life span of about 120 days, the amount of glycosylated hemoglobin is a function of the blood glucose level over the previous 120-day period.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Epimysium (not epimyseum) surrounds entire muscle; perimysium bundles fascicles, endomysium covers fibers.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: SA node, not AV node, is the pacemaker (60-100 bpm); AV node delays signal.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Type AB has both A and B antigens on RBCs.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Mast cells release histamine/heparin, causing inflammation; cortisone suppresses it.