A 49-year-old African-American man presents with an unremarkable history. Six months ago, his serum creatinine was 0.9 mg/dl. He presents with 2+ pitting edema to the knees. A renal biopsy revealed FSGS not otherwise specified. When compared with an identical Caucasian patient, which ONE of the following statements is MORE likely to be true in African Americans?

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: FSGS progresses more rapidly to ESKD in African Americans due to genetic predisposition, particularly APOL-1 variants.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Dyspnea that occurs at night is known as paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea. Orthopnea is known as dyspnea when lying down. Intermittent shortness of breath at night is not known as paroxysmal atrial tachycardia. Sleep apnea is an absence of breathing during sleep.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The description matches left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (D), where a stiff ventricle impairs filling, causing pulmonary congestion and shortness of breath.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: In the phenomenon of 'white coat' hypertension, patients have elevated BP readings in a clinical setting and normal readings when BP is measured elsewhere. Having the patient self-monitor BPs at home will provide a reliable indication about whether the patient has hypertension. Regular BP checks in the clinic are likely to be high in a patient with white coat hypertension. There is no evidence that this patient has elevated stress levels or a poor diet, and those factors do not cause white coat hypertension.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The Frank-Starling law describes how increased preload (end-diastolic volume) enhances the force of ventricular contraction.