A 40-year-old woman asks the primary care NP what she can do to minimize her risk of osteoporosis. She takes 800 mg of calcium and drinks 2 cups of skim milk each day. The NP should recommend that she:

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because high caffeine reduces calcium absorption, increasing osteoporosis risk. Choice A is incorrect (fat aids absorption). Choice C is wrong (high protein reduces absorption). Choice D is inaccurate (all sodas reduce calcium).

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Choice B is correct because the FDA regulates drug labeling, ensuring safety and efficacy information is accurate for all prescription and OTC drugs. Choice A is incorrect as prescribing is governed by state boards, not the FDA. Choice C is wrong because off-label use is allowed but not regulated by the FDA. Choice D is incorrect since educational offerings fall under other entities, not FDA control.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Choice C is correct because the WHO's prescribing process begins with diagnosing the patient's problem, ensuring treatment is based on an accurate assessment. Choice A is incorrect as choosing treatment follows diagnosis. Choice B is wrong because education comes after prescribing. Choice D is incorrect since starting treatment is the final step, not the first.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Choice D is correct because Beers Criteria (avoid risky drugs), STOPP/START (appropriate prescribing), and MTM (pharmacist review) all manage polypharmacy effectively, per guidelines. Choice A is incorrect alone as it's one tool. Choice B is wrong by itself because STOPP/START is just part. Choice C is incorrect solo since MTM is only one method.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Choice B is correct because steady state occurs when drug input (absorption) equals output (excretion), maintaining constant levels over time. Choice A is incorrect as absorption exceeding excretion describes initial dosing, not steady state. Choice C is wrong because steady state can be therapeutic or toxic, not just below toxicity. Choice D is incorrect since only B defines steady state accurately.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because NPs should build expertise from physicians’ past experiences and evidence-based practice to enhance prescribing roles. Choice A is impractical as matching physician expertise isn’t the goal. Choice C is incorrect since NPs aim for independent practice, not supervision. Choice D is wrong as pharmaceutical reps provide biased info, unlike unbiased academic sources.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Choice A is correct because stealing or borrowing drugs signals addictive behavior, a red flag for misuse beyond medical need. Choice B is incorrect as increasing doses for cancer pain is often legitimate tolerance, not addiction. Choice C is wrong because regular refills alone don't indicate addiction without misuse evidence. Choice D is incorrect since preferring one provider can reflect trust, not addiction.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Choice C is correct because thalidomide is a known teratogen, causing severe limb defects, historically proven to harm fetuses, unlike the others. Choice A is incorrect as fluoxetine (Category C) has risks but isn't definitively harmful like thalidomide. Choice B is wrong because acetaminophen (Category B) lacks evidence of fetal harm. Choice D is incorrect since only thalidomide is a clear example.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because NPs should build expertise from physicians’ past experiences and evidence-based practice to enhance prescribing roles. Choice A is impractical as matching physician expertise isn’t the goal. Choice C is incorrect since NPs aim for independent practice, not supervision. Choice D is wrong as pharmaceutical reps provide biased info, unlike unbiased academic sources.