A 4-year-old child has been transferred to your Emergency Department from a rural hospital for an epidural hematoma. He was intubated for airway protection and ventilated en route to your hospital. On arrival, his initial vitals are as follows: heart rate 110 beats/minute, respiratory rate 16 breaths/minute, blood pressure 110/60 mm Hg, and oxygen saturation 85% on 100% FiO2. You notice the tube is quite deep in the patient's mouth. Approximately how many centimeters deep the ET tube should be?

A 4-year-old child has been transferred to your Emergency Department from a rural hospital for an epidural hematoma. He was intubated for airway protection and ventilated en route to your hospital. On arrival, his initial vitals are as follows: heart rate 110 beats/minute, respiratory rate 16 breaths/minute, blood pressure 110/60 mm Hg, and oxygen saturation 85% on 100% FiO2. You notice the tube is quite deep in the patient's mouth. Approximately how many centimeters deep the ET tube should be?

An 11-month-old girl is brought to the Emergency Department for evaluation of fussiness and fever. She was taken to her primary care physician who diagnosed her with acute otitis media and started her on oral antibiotics. The patient has not been taking much in the way of oral fluids and has not eaten for the past day. She has had decreased wet diapers over the past 24 hours. Initial vital signs are as follows: temperature 102°F, heart rate 240 beats/minute, respiratory rate 45 breaths/minute, blood pressure 90/50 mm Hg, and oxygen saturation 99% on room air. You administer a 20 ml/kg bolus and acetaminophen, but the heart rate remains at 240 beats/minute. A 12-lead electrocardiogram is obtained. What is the most appropriate next intervention?

A 4-year-old boy is brought to the ED by EMS after he was found altered, minimally responsive with cool and clammy extremities. His heart rate is 45 beats/minute, and blood pressure is 50/20 mmHg. He is awake and has a pulse on your examination. The paramedics placed an IV and administered 0.01 mg/kg epinephrine without response. The strip from EMS is shown below. What is the next treatment of choice?

Which of the following medical equipment is required on an advanced life support (ALS) ambulance compared to a basic life support (BLS) ambulance?

In your role as medical director, you are performing a quality improvement project on pain management. You are reviewing charts evaluating for factors associated with inadequate pain management in pediatric trauma patients. What factors would you expect are associated with suboptimal pain control in pediatric trauma patients?