A 12-year-old with rheumatoid arthritis finds aromatherapy helpful for relieving her joint discomfort. The essential oil useful for children with chronic pain is:

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Lavender (A) relieves chronic pain via relaxation. Ephedra (B), ginseng (C), and kava-kava (D) are stimulants or anxiolytics, not pain-specific. Document: 'Lavender… [is] useful in aromatherapy for children with chronic pain.'

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Low-set ears link to kidney disorders (A), intellectual (B), and developmental disabilities (C) in syndromes like Down’s. Ventilation (D) and postictal (E) are unrelated. Document: 'Associated with kidney disorders, and intellectual or developmental disabilities.'

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: A newborn with respiratory distress, bilateral pleural effusions, dysmorphic features (hypertelorism, rotated ears, nuchal skin), and later juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) suggests Noonan syndrome (Choice C). This RASopathy is associated with congenital heart defects, lymphatic anomalies (causing effusions), and a predisposition to JMML. Cockayne syndrome (Choice A) involves growth failure and photosensitivity, not JMML. Fanconi anaemia (Choice B) causes marrow failure and malformations but not this lymphatic picture. Omenn syndrome (Choice D) is an immunodeficiency, not matching these features. Noonan syndrome aligns with the presentation.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Inspiratory reserve capacity is the maximal volume inhaled above tidal volume during deep inspiration, a key lung volume parameter. Anatomic dead space (Choice A) is non-respiratory air. Expiratory reserve capacity (Choice B) is exhaled below tidal volume. FEV1 (Choice C) measures obstruction, not volume. Forced vital capacity (Choice D) is total exhaled volume. Inspiratory reserve capacity is correct.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Choice A is false; significant colony count for catheterized specimens is ≥50,000 CFU/mL, not 1,000 (IDSA). Choices B-E are true per standard guidelines.