Who developed the first theory of nursing?

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Florence Nightingale developed nursing's first theory in the 1850s, focusing on environmental manipulation for recovery e.g., improving sanitation in Crimean War hospitals. Hammurabi (lawmaker), Alexander (conqueror), and Fabiola (early caregiver) contributed historically but didn't theorize nursing. Nightingale's work formalized the profession, influencing modern standards like infection control, marking her as the pioneer theorist.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Before restraining a restless, agitated, confused client, identifying the underlying cause is most important. This question drives assessment like checking for hypoxia or pain addressing the root issue rather than masking it with restraints. Restraint type or orders follow, and medication might treat symptoms but not the cause. Understanding why, such as delirium from infection, guides safer, less restrictive interventions, aligning with nursing's least-restraint principle and client dignity.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: False imprisonment is unlawful restraint (B), per law e.g., locking a patient in. Not mobility (A), technique (C), right (D) confinement-based. B best defines its illegal restriction, like limiting Mr. Gary's freedom, making it correct.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Incidence is new case rate (A), measures spread (B), part of epidemiology (D) 'only chronic' (C) isn't true, applies to acute too, per definition. C's limit fails, making it untrue.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Cleaning from stem to bulb least to most contaminated follows medical asepsis e.g., wiping away from the anus-exposed tip. Bulb-to-stem spreads germs; other options are illogical. Nurses use this e.g., alcohol wipes per infection control, preventing cross-contamination.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Reading studies to update care is lifelong learning (A) continuous growth, per definition. Boundaries (B) limits, policy (C) rules, education (D) teaching not learning-specific. A fits the nurse's knowledge pursuit for Mr. Gary, making it correct.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: For a nursing diagnosis of diarrhea, the goal should target symptom resolution, making 'The patient will experience a decreased frequency of bowel elimination' most appropriate. It's specific (frequency reduction), measurable (counting episodes), and addresses the core issue excessive stools aiming for normalcy. Taking anti-diarrheal medication is an intervention, not a goal, as it's a means to an end, not the outcome itself. Collecting a stool specimen supports diagnosis but doesn't resolve diarrhea. Saving urine is irrelevant, as diarrhea involves bowel, not urinary, function. The chosen goal aligns with patient comfort and health restoration, following SMART criteria, guiding nursing actions like hydration or diet adjustments, and providing a clear benchmark for evaluation, essential for effective care planning.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Phenytoin causes gingival hyperplasia, necessitating more frequent dental visits for gum care to prevent overgrowth and infection a key teaching point for clients. Meals don't enhance efficacy, sleep issues aren't prominent, and it doesn't reduce contraceptive effects significantly. Nurses emphasize oral hygiene, ensuring clients maintain health while managing seizures.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Florence Nightingale developed nursing's first theory in the 1850s, focusing on environmental manipulation for recovery e.g., improving sanitation in Crimean War hospitals. Hammurabi (lawmaker), Alexander (conqueror), and Fabiola (early caregiver) contributed historically but didn't theorize nursing. Nightingale's work formalized the profession, influencing modern standards like infection control, marking her as the pioneer theorist.