Strategies to reduce polypharmacy include:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Choice D is correct because reconciliation (reviewing meds), deprescribing (stopping unneeded drugs), and education (improving adherence) all reduce polypharmacy risks, per clinical guidelines. Choice A is incorrect alone as it's one strategy. Choice B is wrong by itself because deprescribing is just part. Choice C is incorrect solo since education is only one approach.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Choice B is correct because nationally recognized guidelines provide evidence-based recommendations for effective drug selection, ensuring treatment aligns with proven standards. Choice A is incorrect as patient preference alone lacks scientific basis and could lead to suboptimal therapy. Choice C is wrong because basing decisions on sample availability prioritizes convenience over clinical appropriateness. Choice D is also incorrect since DEA guidelines focus on controlled substances, not general criteria for selecting effective drugs for disorders.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Choice B is correct because REMS are FDA-mandated for drugs with significant risks (e.g., opioids, isotretinoin) to ensure benefits outweigh hazards, not all drugs. Choice A is incorrect as REMS apply only to specific high-risk drugs, not universally. Choice C is wrong because OTC drugs don't require REMS—they're broadly safe. Choice D is incorrect since only B fits the FDA's REMS criteria.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Choice B is correct because drug antagonism occurs when one drug's effect is altered (usually reduced) by another, a classic interaction like beta blockers countering adrenaline. Choice A is incorrect as dependence isn't antagonism. Choice C is wrong because metabolism timing isn't the definition. Choice D is incorrect since it's a consequence, not the defining feature.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because children’s vigorous liver metabolism may require higher doses, verified by serum levels. Choice A is incorrect (renal tests aren’t indicated). Choice B is wrong (switching isn’t first step). Choice C is inaccurate (discontinuing premature without levels).

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Choice A is correct because fluoxetine passes into breast milk and may affect the infant (e.g., sedation), so it's often avoided unless benefits outweigh risks. Choice B is incorrect as acetaminophen is safe in breastfeeding, with minimal milk transfer. Choice C is wrong because isotretinoin, while harmful in pregnancy, isn't a breastfeeding concern here—it's not typically used then. Choice D is incorrect since only fluoxetine poses a notable issue.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Choice D is correct because aspirin, lorazepam, and metformin are stable at room temperature (15-30°C) and don't require special storage, per USP standards. Choice A is incorrect alone as it's one drug. Choice B is wrong by itself because lorazepam is just part. Choice C is incorrect solo since metformin is only one agent.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because PAs typically require physician supervision. Choice B is incorrect as they must follow protocols. Choice C is wrong since co-signatures don’t cover all categories universally. Choice D is inaccurate as PAs lack independent authority.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because minor illness isn’t a contraindication for vaccines. Choice B is incorrect (delays protection). Choice C is wrong (splitting unnecessary). Choice D is inaccurate (withholding not justified).