Benefits of off-label drug use include:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Choice D is correct because off-label use treats unmet needs (e.g., rare diseases), may be cheaper (existing drugs), and leverages known profiles, per clinical benefits. Choice A is incorrect alone as it's one advantage. Choice B is wrong by itself because cost is just part. Choice C is incorrect solo since familiarity is only one benefit.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: Choice C is correct because receptor agonists, which activate receptors, can lead to desensitization or downregulation with continuous use as the body reduces receptor sensitivity or number to compensate. Choice A is incorrect as irreversible binding is rare and not typical for agonists. Choice B is wrong because upregulation occurs with antagonists, not agonists. Choice D is incorrect since agonists typically show a direct, not inverse, concentration-action relationship.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Choice D is correct because all listed strategies—screening for dependency, setting firm limits, and refusing inappropriate requests—help prevent misuse of controlled drugs by identifying risks and maintaining control. Choice A is incorrect alone as screening is just one tool. Choice B is wrong by itself because limits need broader support. Choice C is incorrect solo since refusal must be part of a comprehensive approach.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Choice D is correct because lower doses (less toxicity), avoiding high-risk drugs (e.g., Beers list), and regular reviews (catch interactions) all reduce ADEs in the elderly, per guidelines. Choice A is incorrect alone as it's one strategy. Choice B is wrong by itself because avoidance is just part. Choice C is incorrect solo since reviews are only one approach.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Choice B is correct because ketamine is a Schedule III drug with moderate abuse potential and medical use (anesthetic), per DEA. Choice A is incorrect as oxycodone is Schedule II. Choice C is wrong because lorazepam is Schedule IV. Choice D is incorrect since only ketamine fits.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Choice D is correct because lower doses (less toxicity), avoiding high-risk drugs (e.g., Beers list), and regular reviews (catch interactions) all reduce ADEs in the elderly, per guidelines. Choice A is incorrect alone as it's one strategy. Choice B is wrong by itself because avoidance is just part. Choice C is incorrect solo since reviews are only one approach.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Choice D is correct because all listed strategies—screening for dependency, setting firm limits, and refusing inappropriate requests—help prevent misuse of controlled drugs by identifying risks and maintaining control. Choice A is incorrect alone as screening is just one tool. Choice B is wrong by itself because limits need broader support. Choice C is incorrect solo since refusal must be part of a comprehensive approach.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Choice D is correct because unbinding a drug from plasma proteins increases its free fraction, allowing more to be filtered and excreted by the kidneys, enhancing renal clearance. Choice A is incorrect as reduced kidney perfusion decreases excretion. Choice B is wrong because chronic renal disease impairs excretion, not increases it. Choice C is incorrect since competition for transport sites would reduce, not enhance, excretion.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Choice D is correct because tapering (reduces shock), supportive care (e.g., hydration), and medications (e.g., methadone for opioids) all manage withdrawal, per treatment protocols. Choice A is incorrect alone as it's one method. Choice B is wrong by itself because care is just part. Choice C is incorrect solo since meds are only one option.