According to her, Nursing is a helping or assistive profession to persons who are wholly or partly dependent or when those who are supposedly caring for them are no longer able to give care.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Dorothy Orem's Self-Care Deficit Theory defines nursing as a profession that assists individuals who cannot fully care for themselves due to dependency or lack of support. Developed in the 1950s, her theory posits that people naturally perform self-care activities like eating or hygiene to sustain life and well-being. When illness, injury, or absence of caregivers creates a deficit, nurses step in to help, either fully (e.g., feeding a paralyzed patient) or partially (e.g., teaching insulin administration). Unlike Henderson, who focused on universal needs, Orem emphasized self-care agency. Swanson's caring processes and Neuman's stressor management differ in focus neither frame nursing as primarily assistive in dependency. Orem's model guides nurses to assess deficits (e.g., a stroke patient's mobility) and intervene (e.g., physical therapy), aiming to restore independence or compensate permanently, a practical approach still used in rehabilitation and chronic care settings.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Callista Roy's Adaptation Model (1970s) frames humans as open systems, constantly exchanging with environments e.g., a patient's mood lifts with praise. Unlike Levin's conservation, Neuman's stressor focus, or Newman's health expansion, Roy's theory emphasizes adaptation to stimuli, guiding nurses in dynamic care adjustments like stress management.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Nursing care plans are nurse-centered designed by nurses to address patient needs e.g., managing pain. Rationales justify interventions (not vice versa), they're written (not verbal), and goals vary (not fixed at two). This nurse-driven tool, per NANDA, ensures systematic, patient-focused care delivery.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Pulse pressure is systolic minus diastolic e.g., 120-80 = 40 mmHg reflecting arterial elasticity. Apical rate (heartbeats), cardiac rate (synonym), and pulse deficit (apex-radial gap) differ. Nurses calculate this e.g., in hypertension for cardiovascular assessment, per hemodynamic principles.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Darkening the room enhances ophthalmoscope visibility e.g., pupil dilation for retina view unlike bright light (constricts). Draping (privacy), warming (nonsense), differ. Nurses prepare this e.g., dim lights for clear fundoscopic exams, per eye assessment protocols.