A nurse practitioner (NP) is preparing to prescribe a medication for a 5-year-old child. To determine the correct dose for this child, the NP should:

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because manufacturer recommendations are the safest and most accurate for pediatric dosing. Choice A is incorrect as one-third is arbitrary. Choice B is wrong since BSA is less reliable than weight-based dosing. Choice C is inaccurate as dividing by weight alone isn’t standard.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Choice B is correct because codeine is a prodrug activated by CYP2D6 into morphine for pain relief; genetic variants affect its efficacy or safety. Choice A is incorrect as acetaminophen isn't activated by CYP2D6—it's metabolized differently. Choice C is wrong because ibuprofen doesn't require CYP2D6 activation—it's active as administered. Choice D is incorrect since only codeine relies on this enzyme for activation.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Choice D is correct because off-label use lacks FDA approval (unregulated indication), risks ADRs (untested context), and may have limited evidence, per pharmacology concerns. Choice A is incorrect alone as it's one risk. Choice B is wrong by itself because ADRs are just part. Choice C is incorrect solo since evidence is only one issue.

Correct Answer: C

Rationale: The correct answer is C because a higher concentration (500 mg/5 mL) and bid dosing simplifies administration, enhancing compliance. Choice A is incorrect (lower concentration, less convenient). Choice B is wrong (tid less convenient). Choice D is inaccurate (tid and lower dose inconvenient).

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Choice B is correct because Schedule III drugs (e.g., anabolic steroids) have moderate abuse potential, less than Schedule II, with medical use, per DEA. Choice A is incorrect as high potential is Schedule II. Choice C is wrong because low potential is Schedule IV. Choice D is incorrect since only B applies.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B because pharmacokinetics studies how the body processes drugs, including excretion affected by age, race, and gender. Choice A is incorrect as bioavailability focuses on drug availability, not excretion. Choice C is wrong since pharmacodynamics studies drug effects, not excretion. Choice D is inaccurate as it’s too broad and not specific to drug processing.

Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Choice D is correct because REMS programs can include medication guides (patient education), communication plans (provider awareness), and restricted distribution (controlled access), per FDA guidelines. Choice A is incorrect alone as it's one component. Choice B is wrong by itself because communication is just part. Choice C is incorrect solo since restriction is only one element.

Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Choice B is correct because digoxin's narrow therapeutic index means small dose increases can lead to type A ADRs (predictable, dose-related), like toxicity. Choice A is incorrect as idiosyncratic effects are type B, not A. Choice C is wrong because teratogenicity isn't a type A reaction—it's a specific harm. Choice D is incorrect since digoxin isn't a carcinogen; its ADRs are cardiovascular.

Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Choice A is correct because some patients perceive brand-name drugs as higher quality due to marketing or familiarity, despite bioequivalence. Choice B is incorrect as generics are cheaper, not brand-name. Choice C is wrong because side effects are equivalent. Choice D is incorrect since only A applies.